Influência das propriedades de granulados de lactose nas características físicas dos comprimidos / Influence of properties of lactose granules on the physical characteristics of tablets

As propriedades físico-químicas dos excipientes podem predominar nas características físicas do sistema sólido particulado e influenciar decisivamente o comportamento de compactação, já que, muitas vezes, estes se apresentam em proporções muito maiores que o fármaco nas formulações de comprimidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tamanho degranulados de lactose nas características físicas decomprimidos obtidos em diferentes diâmetros de punção, uma vez que tal relação não tem sido exploradana literatura. Granulados de diferentes tamanhos foram produzidos por via úmida e compactados em punções de diferentes diâmetros por aplicação de diferentes forças. Avaliou-se distribuição granulométrica, densidade aparente e fluxo dos granulados e características físicas dos comprimidos (peso, dureza, friabilidade e tempo de desintegração). Os resultados indicam que para os comprimidos produzidos em punções de 7mm de diâmetro, situação em que há predomínio das características do excipiente em razão da baixa dose do fármaco, a seleção do tamanho dos grânulos torna-se fundamental para a resistência mecânica do compacto. Por outro lado, foi possível obter comprimidos de maiores dimensões, punções 9, 11 e 13mm, a partir de grânulos de todos os tamanhos estudados.

The compaction behavior of powdered solids used in tablets can be dominated by the physical-chemical properties of the excipients because, frequently, they are present in much larger amounts than the drug in tablet formulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate theinfluence of the size of lactose granules on the physical characteristics of tablets produced in punches of various diameters, since this relation has not been explored in the literature. Granules were produced in several sizes by wet granulation and compressed in punches of different diameters by applying different forces. Size distribution, apparent density and flow of granules were evaluated, as well as the physical characteristics of the tablets (weight, friability, hardness and disintegration time). The results indicate that in situations where excipient characteristics predominate due to low drug content, as in the 7 mm punch, the selection of granule size is important for the mechanical strength of tablet. On the other hand, with the 9, 11 and 13mm punches, it was possible to produce strong tablet from all sizes of granules.

Avaliação farmacognóstica da própolis da região de Maringá / Pharmacognostic evaluation of propolis in the region of Maringá

Os autores propõem procedimentos para estabelecer o controle de qualidade da própolis. Para tanto, foram adaptadas e executadas técnicas farmacopéicas e/ou desenvolvidas técnicas novas. Foram estabelecidos perfis dos teores de flavonóides, de ceras, de substâncias voláteis totais (através da perda por dessecação) e de cinzas totais. Os valores obtidos para as amostras de própolis estudadas, coletadas em um apiário-escola, foram comparados com os de própolis adquiridas no mercado. Foi estabelecido, ainda, o perfil destes parâmetros para amostras de própolis coletadas nos diferentes locais da colméla, no periodo de três anos, com coletas de inverno e verão. Os teores de flavonóides variaram entre 2,05 - 5,52 por cento.

The aim of this work was to establish a control quality methodology for propolis. For that, techniques were carried out as described in pharmacopoeias, or adapt from it. Moreover it developed new techniques. It was used propolis collected in the school apiary. Profiles of flavonoids, waxes, total volatile substances and total ashes were determined in propolis collected in different places of bees' hive. The results obtained from this propolis were compared with commercial propolis. Flavonoid drift values obtained from apiary school were established in the range between 2.05-5.52 percent.

[Vascular malformations of the central nervous system in children]. / Malformaciones vasculares del sistema nervioso central en niños.

OBJECTIVE: To present the experience of vascular malformations (VM) of the central nervous system (CNS) in children obtained in our centre. Since these lesions do not often present clinically in childhood, there are few series described in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We made a retrospective review of the clinical histories of patients with VM of the CNS shown on MR, angiography and/or morbid anatomy, who were aged 15 years or under. Patients with Sturge-Weber or Von Hippel-Lindau syndromes were excluded. RESULTS: We describe 32 patients with VM of the CNS. Twenty four had arteriovenous malformations (AVM), 5 had cavernous malformations (CM), 2 had malformations of Galeno's vein (MGV) and one patient had a congenital fusiform arterial aneurysm. Twenty two children (68%) presented clinically with hemorrhages. This was the form of presentation in 20 patients with AVM. In 4 of the 5 patients with CM the first sign was epileptic crisis. The two patients with MGV presented with macrocephaly, in one neonate it was associated with heart failure and in on older baby with hydrocephaly. The patient with a congenital arterial aneurysm presented with paroxystic episodes of facial pain. CONCLUSIONS: The AVM are the VM which most frequently cause symptoms in childhood.

Analise das caracteristicas fisicas e fisico-quimicas de globulos inertes de diferentes origens / Physical and physical-chemical analysis of inert globules of diferent origins

Considering some important characteristics such as weight, quantity of globules per gram, surface area, hardness, solubility in 90.GL alcohol, time of dissolution in water at 37.C, and power of absorption, two batches of number 5 type inert globules, one of wich of national amking and the otherof French origin, were assayed. The results obtained showed significant differences between the products studied and auggest apossible influence in the efficacy of the final homeopathic medicament