Bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hospitalized patients and appropriateness of empirical treatment recommendations: an international point-prevalence study.

An accurate knowledge of the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is key for selecting appropriate antimicrobial treatments. Very few etiological studies assessed the appropriateness of empiric guideline recommendations at a multinational level. This study aims at the following: (i) describing the bacterial etiologic distribution of CAP and (ii) assessing the appropriateness of the empirical treatment recommendations by clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for CAP in light of the bacterial pathogens diagnosed as causative agents of CAP. Secondary analysis of the GLIMP, a point-prevalence international study which enrolled adults hospitalized with CAP in 2015. The analysis was limited to immunocompetent patients tested for bacterial CAP agents within 24 h of admission. The CAP CPGs evaluated included the following: the 2007 and 2019 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA), the European Respiratory Society (ERS), and selected country-specific CPGs. Among 2564 patients enrolled, 35.3% had an identifiable pathogen. Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.2%) was the most frequently identified pathogen, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.4%). CPGs appropriately recommend covering more than 90% of all the potential pathogens causing CAP, with the exception of patients enrolled from Germany, Pakistan, and Croatia. The 2019 ATS/IDSA CPGs appropriately recommend covering 93.6% of the cases compared with 90.3% of the ERS CPGs (p < 0.01). S. pneumoniae remains the most common pathogen in patients hospitalized with CAP. Multinational CPG recommendations for patients with CAP seem to appropriately cover the most common pathogens and should be strongly encouraged for the management of CAP patients.

Cuidado de enfermería para la familia del paciente crítico desde la teoría de la comprensión facilitada / Critical patient's family nursing care from the facilitated sensemaking theory

Introducción: La estancia de un ser querido en la unidad de cuidados intensivos es para la familia una experiencia estresante, traumática y desagradable que se relaciona con enfrentarse a una situación de salud cercana a la muerte, el sufrimiento, la ruptura de roles y el desconocimiento. En este contexto, intervenciones realizadas para que la familia entienda lo que está pasando y lo que debe hacer fomentan la sensación de tranquilidad, confort, seguridad; favorece la adaptación y previene resultados psicológicos adversos. Objetivo: Elaborar una propuesta de gestión que permita desde la teoría brindar cuidado de calidad y excelencia a la familia de los pacientes en cuidado crítico. Metodología: Análisis y aplicación de la teoría de la comprensión facilitada desde la perspectiva del Sistema Conceptual-Teórico-Empírico y el modelo de marco lógico. Resultado: Se presenta un plan de cuidados de enfermería que, hecho desde la teoría de la comprensión facilitada y las taxonomías NANDA, NIC, NOC, muestra aspectos inherentes a la valoración, resultados e intervenciones de cuatro diagnósticos prioritarios de las posibles situaciones más frecuentes que la familia debe enfrentar cuando un ser querido está en una condición crítica de su salud. Conclusión: Un plan de cuidados estandarizado basado en la teoría de la comprensión facilitada es una estrategia de aplicación del conocimiento de enfermería que (1) consolida un modelo de atención integral que favorece la visibilidad, continuidad, eficiencia, calidad y excelencia del cuidado, y (2) disminuye la hostilidad que para los familiares de los pacientes genera la experiencia del cuidado intensivo.

Introduction: The admission of a loved one into an intensive care ward is a very tense, traumatic, and disagreeable experience for the family, and is associated with a challenge to near death situations, suffering, role rupture and even ignorance. Within this context, nursing interventions, in order that the family may have a better understanding of the situation and what they should do. They should also promote the feelings of tranquility, security, comfort, and favor the adaptation, thus preventing adverse psychological results. Objective: To design a management proposal which, based on this theory, could allow giving care of quality and excellence to the families of patients in critical status. Methodology: Analysis and establishment of the facilitated sensemaking theory from the perspective of the Theoretical-Empirical-Conceptual system, and the logical frame model. Results: A nursing care plan is presented which, formulated from the facilitated sensemaking theory and the NANDA, NIC, NOC taxonomies, shows issues related to the assessment, results, and interventions in four priority evaluations of the possible more frequent situations which the family must face when a loved one is in a critical health status. Conclusion: A standardized care plan based on the facilitated sensemaking theory is a strategy to implement nursing knowledge that: 1) consolidates an integral care model which favors the visibility, continuity, efficiency, and excellence of care; 2) reduces the hostility experience by the patient's family from the intensive care situation.

Effects of load and training modes on physiological and metabolic responses in resistance exercise.

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of three different loads (LOAD) in combination with four different exercise modes (MODE) on physiological responses during and after one fatiguing bout of bench press exercise. Ten resistance-trained healthy male subjects performed bench press exercise each at 55% (LOW), 70% (MID) and 85% (HIGH) of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for as many repetitions as possible and in four training modes: 4-1-4-1 (4-s concentric, 1-s isometric, 4-s eccentric and 1-s isometric successive actions), 2-1-2-1, 1-1-1-1 and MAX (maximum velocity concentric). Oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] was measured during exercise and for 30-min post-exercise. Maximum blood lactate concentration (blood LA(max)) and heart rate (HR(max)) were also determined. Number of repetitions (REPS) and exercise time (EXTIME) were recorded and accumulated lifted mass (MASS), defined by REPS × lifted mass, was calculated. LOAD had a significant effect on REPS (LOW > MID > HIGH, p < 0.01). A significant increase of REPS was obtained exercising at a faster MODE except from 1-1-1-1 to MAX (p < 0.01). EXTIME significantly decreased with increasing LOAD (LOW > MID > HIGH, p < 0.01 for all) and faster MODE (4-1-4-1, 2-1-2-1, 1-1-1-1 > MAX; p > 0.01). MASS decreased significantly with increasing LOAD (p < 0.01) but increased with a faster MODE (p < 0.05) with the exception of 1-1-1-1 to MAX. MODE had a significant effect on VO(2) (4-1-4-1 > MAX; p < 0.05). LOAD had a significant effect on consumed O(2) during exercise (LOW > MID and HIGH; p > 0.01) and on blood LA(max) (LOW and MID > HIGH; p < 0.01). The data indicate that physiological responses on different resistance exercises depend on both the load and the velocity mode.