Human bocavirus respiratory infection in infants in Córdoba, Argentina.

UNLABELLED: It has been suggested that human bocavirus (HBoV) is related to acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children (prevalence: 0.9% to 33%) although clinical characteristics have not been clearly established yet. OBJECTIVES: To identify the presence of HBoV in patients with ARI hospitalized in Hospital de Niños de Córdoba and describe cases without co-infection. METHOD: HBoV screening was done by traditional PCR. Specimens to be screened were obtained from nasal secretions of 222 children under 2 years of age hospitalized due to an ARI during 2011. Demographic, clinical and radiological data were recorded. RESULTS: Fifteen HBoV+ patients (6.8%) were identified. Their median age was 3.5 months (range: 1-22), 7/15 in co-infection (5 respiratory syncytial virus, 1 parainfuenza-3, 1 Bordetella pertussis). Cases without co-infection: pneumonia 5/8, bronchiolitis 3/8; two required intermediate care, 7/8 oxygen therapy, 7/8 bronchodilators, 6/8 antibiotics; associated disease 1/8 (microcephalus/heart disease). CONCLUSIONS: HBoV was identified in 15 out of 222 children (6.8%); the diagnosis of pneumonia was predominant without severe cases nor complications upon discharge.

Infección respiratoria por bocavirus humano en lactantes de Córdoba, Argentina / Human bocavirus respiratory infection in infants in Córdoba, Argentina

Bocavirus humano (BoVh) ha sido relacionado con la infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) en los niños (prevalencia 0,9% a 33%), aunque las características clínicas aún no han sido claramente establecidas. Objetivos. Identificar la presencia de BoVh en pacientes con IRA internados en el Hospital de Niños de Córdoba y describir los casos sin coinfección detectada. Método. Se realizó la pesquisa de BoVh por PCR convencional a partir de secreciones nasales de 222 niños menores de 2 años hospitalizados por IRA durante 2011 y se registraron los datos demográficos, clínicos y radiológicos. Resultados. Se identificaron 15 pacientes BoVh+ (6,8%), con una mediana de edad de 3,5 meses (rango 1 a 22), 7/15 en coinfección (5 virus respiratorio sincicial, 1 parainfluenza-3, 1 Bordetella pertussis). Casos sin coinfección: neumonía 5/8, bronquiolitis 3/8; dos requirieron cuidados intermedios, 7/8 oxigenoterapia, 7/8 broncodilatadores, 6/8 antibióticos; enfermedad asociada 1/8 (microcefalia/cardiopatía). Conclusiones. Se identificó BoVh en 15 de 222 niños (6,8%); predominó el diagnóstico de neumonía sin casos graves ni complicaciones al alta.

It has been suggested that human bocavirus (HBoV) is related to acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children (prevalence: 0.9% to 33%) although clinical characteristics have not been clearly established yet. Objectives. To identify the presence of HBoV in patients with ARI hospitalized in Hospital de Niños de Córdoba and describe cases without co-infection. Method. HBoV screening was done by traditional PCR. Specimens to be screened were obtained from nasal secretions of 222 children under 2 years of age hospitalized due to an ARI during 2011. Demographic, clinical and radiological data were recorded. Results. Fifteen HBoV+ patients (6.8%) were identified. Their median age was 3.5 months (range: 1-22), 7/15 in co-infection (5 respiratory syncytial virus, 1 parainfluenza-3, 1 Bordetella pertussis). Cases without co-infection: pneumonia 5/8, bronchiolitis 3/8; two required intermediate care, 7/8 oxygen therapy, 7/8 bronchodilators, 6/8 antibiotics; associated disease 1/8 (microcephalus/heart disease). Conclusions. HBoV was identified in 15 out of 222 children (6.8%); the diagnosis of pneumonia was predominant without severe cases nor complications upon discharge.

Human bocavirus respiratory infection in infants in Córdoba, Argentina. / Human bocavirus respiratory infection in infants in Córdoba, Argentina.

UNLABELLED: It has been suggested that human bocavirus (HBoV) is related to acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children (prevalence: 0.9

to 33

) although clinical characteristics have not been clearly established yet. OBJECTIVES: To identify the presence of HBoV in patients with ARI hospitalized in Hospital de Niños de Córdoba and describe cases without co-infection. METHOD: HBoV screening was done by traditional PCR. Specimens to be screened were obtained from nasal secretions of 222 children under 2 years of age hospitalized due to an ARI during 2011. Demographic, clinical and radiological data were recorded. RESULTS: Fifteen HBoV+ patients (6.8

) were identified. Their median age was 3.5 months (range: 1-22), 7/15 in co-infection (5 respiratory syncytial virus, 1 parainfuenza-3, 1 Bordetella pertussis). Cases without co-infection: pneumonia 5/8, bronchiolitis 3/8; two required intermediate care, 7/8 oxygen therapy, 7/8 bronchodilators, 6/8 antibiotics; associated disease 1/8 (microcephalus/heart disease). CONCLUSIONS: HBoV was identified in 15 out of 222 children (6.8

); the diagnosis of pneumonia was predominant without severe cases nor complications upon discharge.

[Pertussis predictors in hospitalized infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection]. / Predictores de coqueluche al ingreso en lactantes hospitalizados con infección respiratoria aguda baja.

BACKGROUND: Pertussis, or whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis (BP) is a re-emerging problem in our environment. Although generally considered that the disease is relatively easy to identify infections respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can present with similar symptoms in infants remains difficult discrimination. OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical symptoms at admission and complementary studies in infants hospitalized with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and RSV by BP to establish markers that enable their early clinical prediction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, case-crossover cross comparing younger than 6 months hospitalized with suspected IRA and pertussis (2007-2012) in which BP identified (PCR and culture) and / or VRS (immunofluorescence in nasal secretions). Coinfections were excluded. Bivariate analysis was performed by calculating OR with 95% CI. Were considered significant at p <0.05. The variables studied were age, sex, hits cough, cyanosis, vomiting, apnea, wheezing and CBC with differential RESULTS: We included 174 infants, 72 (41%) BP and 102 (59%) VRS. Age 2 ± 1 months (range :1-6). In both groups was documented cough and wheeze (OR: 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) p: 0.1 and OR = 0.9 (0.8 to 1.06) p: 0.2, respectively ). Cyanosis (87% vs. 6%, OR: 14.8 p <0.01), apnea (38% vs. 3%, OR: 13.4 p <0.01) and vomiting (26% vs. 5% , OR: 3.4 p <0.01) were more frequent in infants with BP. The absolute lymphocyte count was significantly higher in children with BP (9387 ± 6317 vs. 5127 ± 2766, p <0.01). By ROC curve was identified at 9000 cells / ml as the best point to differentiate VSR BP (AUC = 0.73, 95% CI :0,64-0, 81). CONCLUSIONS: In infants under 6 months with IRA income presence of apnea, cyanosis and lymphocytosis allowing predict significantly differentiate between pertussis those with RSV infections.

Antecedentes. La tos ferina o coqueluche, producida por Bordetella pertussis (BP) representa un problema re-emergente en nuestro medio. Aunque suele considerarse que la enfermedad es relativamente fácil de identificar, las infecciones por Virus Respiratorio Sincicial (VRS) pueden presentarse con síntomas similares en los lactantes siendo difícil su discriminación. Objetivo. Comparar síntomas clínicos y estudios complementarios al ingreso en lactantes hospitalizados con infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) por BP y por VSR a fin de establecer marcadores que posibiliten su predicción clínica temprana. Material y método. Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal de casos cruzados, comparando menores de 6 meses internados por IRA y sospecha de coqueluche (2007-2012) en los que se identificó BP (PCR y cultivo) y/o VRS (inmunofluorescencia en secreciones nasales); se excluyeron los pacientes con coinfecciones. Se realizó un análisis bivariado mediante el cálculo de OR con IC95%. Se consideró significativo un valor de p<0,05. Las variables en estudio fueron: edad, sexo, tos en accesos, cianosis, vómitos, apneas, sibilancias y hemograma completo con fórmula leucocitaria Resultados. Se incluyeron 174 lactantes; 72 (41%) BP y 102 (59%) VRS. Edad 2±1 mes (Rango:1-6). En ambos grupos se documentó tos y sibilancias (OR:1,2 (0,9-1,5) p:0,1 y OR:0,9 (0,8-1,06) p:0,2, respectivamente). Cianosis (87% vs. 6%;OR:14,8 p<0,01), apnea (38% vs. 3%;OR:13,4 p<0,01) y vómitos (26% vs. 5%;OR:3,4 p<0,01) fueron más frecuentes en lactantes con BP. El recuento absoluto de linfocitos fue significativamente mayor en niños con BP (9387±6317 vs. 5127±2766;p<0,01). Por curva ROC se identificó a 9000 cel/ml como el mejor punto para diferenciar BP de VSR (abc= 0,73; IC95%:0,64-0,81). Conclusiones. En lactantes menores de 6 meses con IRA la presencia al ingreso de apnea, cianosis y linfocitosis predicen significativamente coqueluche permitiendo diferenciarlos de aquellos con infecciones por VRS.

Predictores de coqueluche al ingreso en lactantes hospitalizados con infección respiratoria aguda baja. / [Pertussis predictors in hospitalized infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection].

BACKGROUND: Pertussis, or whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis (BP) is a re-emerging problem in our environment. Although generally considered that the disease is relatively easy to identify infections respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can present with similar symptoms in infants remains difficult discrimination. OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical symptoms at admission and complementary studies in infants hospitalized with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and RSV by BP to establish markers that enable their early clinical prediction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, case-crossover cross comparing younger than 6 months hospitalized with suspected IRA and pertussis (2007-2012) in which BP identified (PCR and culture) and / or VRS (immunofluorescence in nasal secretions). Coinfections were excluded. Bivariate analysis was performed by calculating OR with 95

CI. Were considered significant at p <0.05. The variables studied were age, sex, hits cough, cyanosis, vomiting, apnea, wheezing and CBC with differential RESULTS: We included 174 infants, 72 (41

) BP and 102 (59

) VRS. Age 2 ± 1 months (range :1-6). In both groups was documented cough and wheeze (OR: 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) p: 0.1 and OR = 0.9 (0.8 to 1.06) p: 0.2, respectively ). Cyanosis (87

vs. 6

, OR: 14.8 p <0.01), apnea (38

vs. 3

, OR: 13.4 p <0.01) and vomiting (26

vs. 5

, OR: 3.4 p <0.01) were more frequent in infants with BP. The absolute lymphocyte count was significantly higher in children with BP (9387 ± 6317 vs. 5127 ± 2766, p <0.01). By ROC curve was identified at 9000 cells / ml as the best point to differentiate VSR BP (AUC = 0.73, 95

CI :0,64-0, 81). CONCLUSIONS: In infants under 6 months with IRA income presence of apnea, cyanosis and lymphocytosis allowing predict significantly differentiate between pertussis those with RSV infections.

Predictores de coqueluche al ingreso en lactantes hospitalizados con infección respiratoria aguda baja / [Pertussis predictors in hospitalized infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection].

BACKGROUND: Pertussis, or whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis (BP) is a re-emerging problem in our environment. Although generally considered that the disease is relatively easy to identify infections respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can present with similar symptoms in infants remains difficult discrimination. OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical symptoms at admission and complementary studies in infants hospitalized with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and RSV by BP to establish markers that enable their early clinical prediction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, case-crossover cross comparing younger than 6 months hospitalized with suspected IRA and pertussis (2007-2012) in which BP identified (PCR and culture) and / or VRS (immunofluorescence in nasal secretions). Coinfections were excluded. Bivariate analysis was performed by calculating OR with 95

CI. Were considered significant at p <0.05. The variables studied were age, sex, hits cough, cyanosis, vomiting, apnea, wheezing and CBC with differential RESULTS: We included 174 infants, 72 (41

) BP and 102 (59

) VRS. Age 2 ± 1 months (range :1-6). In both groups was documented cough and wheeze (OR: 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) p: 0.1 and OR = 0.9 (0.8 to 1.06) p: 0.2, respectively ). Cyanosis (87

, OR: 13.4 p <0.01) and vomiting (26

, OR: 3.4 p <0.01) were more frequent in infants with BP. The absolute lymphocyte count was significantly higher in children with BP (9387 ± 6317 vs. 5127 ± 2766, p <0.01). By ROC curve was identified at 9000 cells / ml as the best point to differentiate VSR BP (AUC = 0.73, 95

CI :0,64-0, 81). CONCLUSIONS: In infants under 6 months with IRA income presence of apnea, cyanosis and lymphocytosis allowing predict significantly differentiate between pertussis those with RSV infections.

[Design of a simple score to predict the etiology of pneumonia in children]. / Diseño de una regla de prediccion simple para la presunción de etiología en niños con neumonía.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of pneumonia is important to indicate antibiotics. A clinical prediction score (RP) has been designed, although the radiological interpretation is not easy. OBJECTIVE: To design a simple prediction score (PRs) to identify etiology in children with pneumonia, including radiological patterns, clinical and laboratory features. METHODS: Cross sectional study. We prospectively included children under 5 years hospitalized for pneumonia with microbiological evidence (2007-2008). According to the RP, were allocated 3 points when the temperature value was ≥ 39 º C, 2 when the patient age was ≥ 9 months, 2 when the number of neutrophils was 8000/mm3 and 1 when the immature neutrophils number was ≥ 5%. Radiography was evaluated as one point when consolidation was diagnosed and 0 point when pleural effusion or other infiltrations were present. RPS range was from 0 to 9 points. We determined the best cutoff for predicting bacterial pneumonia (ROC) and was calculated based on the same sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative (NPV) and positive likelihood ratio ( RVP) and negative (NLR). RESULTS: 196 patients (viral: 82%, bacteria: 18%), 8.7 ± 10 months. We identified a score ≥ 3 (auROCc = 0.87 95% CI 0.81 to 0.94) as the best point to predict bacterial pneumonia (S: 88.6%, E: 68.9%, PPV: 38.3 %, NPV: 96.5% RVP: 2.85; RPN: 0.17). CONCLUSION: The PRs showed an acceptable performance, but less sensitive than the original score to predict bacterial pneumonia. Although this tool may be easily applied, it should be validated in future studies.

[Antibiotics prescription in infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia]. / Prescripción de antibióticos en lactantes hospitalizados con neumonía por virus sincicial respiratorio.

INTRODUCTION: Although not useful, antibiotics are commonly prescribed in infants with viral pneumonia. OBJECTIVE: To compare initial prescription and suspension rates of antibiotics in infants hospitalized with pneumonia by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 2002, when introducing the viral testing, and in 2007, after 5 years of this practice. POPULATION AND METHODS: Children aged under 13 months hospitalized for RSV pneumonia during two years (2002 and 2007) were included. Prescription and discontinuation of antibiotics were registered. Data were analyzed using Chi squared and T tests, assuming p <0.05 as significance level. RESULTS: Antibiotics were prescribed in 57% (40/70) of patients in 2002 and 46% of then (29/63) in 2007. After achieving RSV diagnosis, antibiotics were more frequently discontinued in 2007 than in 2002 (31/63 vs. 14/70; p= 0.012; OR: 3.73; IC 95%:1.1512.49). CONCLUSION: Although antibiotic empirical prescription rate was similar in both periods, after achieving RSV diagnosis antibiotics were more frequently discontinued in 2007.

Prescripción de antibióticos en lactantes hospitalizados con neumonia por virus sincicial respiratorio / Antibiotics prescription in infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonía

Introducción. Pese a no estar indicados, los antibióticos son frecuentemente prescriptos en lactantes con neumonía viral.Objetivo. Comparar la tasa de prescripción inicial y de suspensión de antibióticos en lactantes hospitalizados por neumonía con diagnóstico de virussincicial respiratorio (VSR), en el año 2002, cuando se incorporó el diagnóstico virológico y en el 2007,luego de 5 años de dicha práctica.Población y método. Se incluyeron menores de 13 meses internados por neumonía durante los años 2002 y 2007, con identificación de VSR y hemocultivo negativo. Se registró indicación y suspensión deantibióticos. Los datos se compararon mediante laspruebas de χ2 y T. Nivel de significación p <0,05.Resultados. Se indicaron antibióticos en 57 por ciento (40/70) de los pacientes en 2002 y 46 por ciento (29/63) en 2007. Su suspensión, luego de conocer el diagnóstico de VSR, fue mayor en 2007 (31/63 contra 14/70; p=0,012; OR:3,73; IC 95 por ciento:1,15-12,49).Conclusiones. Si bien la indicación empírica de antibióticos se mantuvo relativamente estable, ante la confirmación de etiología viral se retiraron con mayor frecuencia en el último período analizado.

Validez de la radiografía de tórax para diferenciar etiologia bacteriana de viral en niños hospitalizados con neumonía / Accuracy of chest radiograph in hospitalized children with pneumonia

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la validez de la radiografía de tórax para diferenciar etiología bacteriana de viral en niños internados por neumonía.Población, material y métodos. Se analizaron las radiografías de 175 menores de 5 años internados por neumonía con etiología confirmada (48 bacterianas y 127 virales). Las imágenes fueron valoradas por un pediatra (P) y dos radiólogos (R1 y R2) independientemente y a ciegas para los datos del paciente,utilizando la escala de Khamapirad (menos 3 a mas7 puntos).Se calcularon acuerdos intra e inter observadores por índice Kappa . Mediante prueba de Student se evaluó la asociación entre los resultados de P y la etiología, asumiendo un nivel de significación de p> 0,05. Se efectuó curva ROC (ReceiverOperator Characteristic) para identificar el mejor punto de corte para predecir una etiología.Resultados. El grado de acuerdo inter-observador fue satisfactorio: k= 0,80 entre P y R1 y k= 0,83, entre P y R2. El puntaje radiológico asignado por P fue significativamente mayor en neumonías bacterianas que en virales (3,7 mas o menos 1,1 vs. menos1,4 mas o menos 1,2; p=0,001), con un excelente grado de acuerdo entre sus dos lecturas (k= 0,93). Se identificó un puntaje radiológico mas o menos 1 como el mejor punto para diferenciar neumonías bacterianas de virales. La escala mostró una sensibilidad de 100 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 90 menos100), especificidad de 98 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 93 menos 99), valor predictivo positivo de 96 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 85 menos 99) y negativo de 100 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 96 menos100) para predecir etiología bacteriana.Conclusiones. La radiografía de tórax se mostró precisa y exacta para diferenciar etiología bacteriana de viral en niños internados por neumonía.(AU)

Validez de la radiografía de tórax para diferenciar etiologia bacteriana de viral en niños hospitalizados con neumonía / Accuracy of chest radiograph in hospitalized children with pneumonia

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la validez de la radiografía de tórax para diferenciar etiología bacteriana de viral en niños internados por neumonía.Población, material y métodos. Se analizaron las radiografías de 175 menores de 5 años internados por neumonía con etiología confirmada (48 bacterianas y 127 virales). Las imágenes fueron valoradas por un pediatra (P) y dos radiólogos (R1 y R2) independientemente y a ciegas para los datos del paciente,utilizando la escala de Khamapirad (menos 3 a mas7 puntos).Se calcularon acuerdos intra e inter observadores por índice Kappa . Mediante prueba de Student se evaluó la asociación entre los resultados de P y la etiología, asumiendo un nivel de significación de p> 0,05. Se efectuó curva ROC (ReceiverOperator Characteristic) para identificar el mejor punto de corte para predecir una etiología.Resultados. El grado de acuerdo inter-observador fue satisfactorio: k= 0,80 entre P y R1 y k= 0,83, entre P y R2. El puntaje radiológico asignado por P fue significativamente mayor en neumonías bacterianas que en virales (3,7 mas o menos 1,1 vs. menos1,4 mas o menos 1,2; p=0,001), con un excelente grado de acuerdo entre sus dos lecturas (k= 0,93). Se identificó un puntaje radiológico mas o menos 1 como el mejor punto para diferenciar neumonías bacterianas de virales. La escala mostró una sensibilidad de 100 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 90 menos100), especificidad de 98 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 93 menos 99), valor predictivo positivo de 96 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 85 menos 99) y negativo de 100 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 96 menos100) para predecir etiología bacteriana.Conclusiones. La radiografía de tórax se mostró precisa y exacta para diferenciar etiología bacteriana de viral en niños internados por neumonía.