[15 years after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]. / 15 let posle avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

Health effects as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred in 1986 are considered in the paper. Wrong prognosis of the health effects with respect to mortality and morbidity among the population exposed to low radiation doses is shown. Proven increase in thyroid cancer cases among people who were children aged from 0 to 18 at the time of the accident is shown. Linear relationship between thyroid cancer cases and dose to thyroid ranged from 0.2 to 4.0 Gy is considered. An additional absolute risk of thyroid cancer in children varies in the range 1.9-2.6 cases per 10(4) person-year Gy. During the fifteen years following the accident no cases of acute and chronic radiation sickness have been revealed because the population living in contaminated areas received low radiation doses. Also, exposures to low radiation doses did not result in excess of malignant tumors among population. In some cases the outcomes of acute radiation sickness were as follows: radiation damages to the skin, cancer cataracts, development of oncopathology.

Mortality from malignancies of the hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues among personnel of the first nuclear plant in the USSR.

This paper reports results from the study of mortality from malignancies of the hematopoietic and lymphatic system among personnel of the first nuclear reactor and processing plant in the USSR. Two registers have been set up. They include all personnel of the atomic reactor (register A) and of the radiochemical processing plant (register B). The operation of these installations started in 1948, and two cohorts were formed; cohort I includes those who started employment between 1948 and 1953, cohort II those who started employment from 1954 to 1958. The predominant contribution to the occupational exposure was from external gamma-radiation. Adverse radiation situations prevailed during the first years at both facilities, and this resulted in substantial exposures of the personnel. Significant increases of the total cancer mortality rates and the proportion of malignancies of the haematopoietic and the lymphatic system were seen in the internal comparison only in cohort I of male workers from facility B. In the same cohort there was a statistically significant excess of the standardized mortality rates from malignancies of the haematopoietic and the lymphatic system over the population rates in the Soviet Union. Our estimate for the excess relative leukemia risk is 1.45/Gy, which is 2.7 times less than the relative excess risk of 3.92/Gy that was observed for the A-bomb survivors over age 20 ATB (Shimizu et al. 1987).

[The use of ferrocyanides for obtaining pure meat production in contaminated areas following the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. / Primeneneie ferrotsianidov dlia polucheniia chistoi miasnoi produktsii na zagriaznennykh territoriakh posle avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

The paper reports a new technique of obtaining radioactive Cs-free meat in the regions contaminated with radionuclides as a result of Chernobyl accident. The method is based on specific digestion features of ruminant animals. Ferriferrocyanide compounds are proposed as sorbents. Ferrocene is most efficient when introduced into mixed feed (1-3 g/day for sheep, 3-5 g/day for calves and young bulls) once a day. After that the animals can be fed radioactively contaminated forage and graze on contaminated land.

[Radiobiology and radiation hygiene]. / Radiobiologiia i radiatsionnaia gigiena.

From the analysis of clinical, epidemiological and radiobiological data the radiation effect levels have been determined at which nonstochastic and stochastic effects are or are not displayed during the average life of a human being. The most "noneffective" radiation does have been used in calculating the major dose thresholds of "non-harmful" exposures.

[Characterization of irradiation levels of the population in the controlled areas 4 years after the Chernobyl AES accident]. / Kharakteristika urovnei oblucheniia naseleniia kontroliruemykh raionov za 4 goda posle avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

Based on a summary of the radiation and hygienic control data, the authors suggest empiric mathematic models depicting the dynamics of the formation of external and internal radiation doses within the first 4 years after the Chernobyl NPP accident. It has been established that in the areas of rigid control, the mean radiation dose amounted, within the period indicated, to 3.5 kev, that due to external radiation to 2.67 kev; the collective dose for 273,00 population living in those areas constituted 9.6 kev.

[The irradiation of the personnel of industrial and power-generating atomic reactors]. / Obluchenie personala promyshlennykh i énergeticheskikh atomnykh reaktorov.

The authors represent the time course of irradiation of the personnel of uran-graphite reactors in the period of starting up the first one in 1947 up to 1988 and atomic power stations of various types over the period of 1978-1987. Irradiation of the personnel of industrial reactors was continually on the decrease. While in 1949 over 99% of the personnel were exposed to a dose exceeding the then maximum permissible dose of 15 cSv, in 1957 the average annual dose of external radiation was decreased to 5 cSv. Beginning from 1974 cases of irradiation of the personnel over the existing MPD in normal operation of reactors were practically ruled out. The improvement of working conditions at nuclear power stations provided rather low exposure doses for the personnel (an average of 0.2-0.8 cSv annually).

[Changes in the entropy of heart mass in dogs during inhalation of transuranic radionuclides]. / Izmenenie éntropii massy serdtsa sobak pri ingaliatsii transuranovykh radionuklidov.

Altogether 140 random-bred dogs of both sexes, aged 2 to 4 (body mass 14.5 +/- 0.1 kg) were examined. Age-related changes of heart mass entropy, resulting from disorder in the correlation of cardiac parts during aging, progress with age. During inhalation of acute, subacute and chronic effective amounts of nitrates of polymeric 239Pu and monomeric 241Am aerosol particles, measured in micron, dog heart mass entropy increases as compared to the age control, and during inhalation of transuranic radionuclides at small amounts, causing the animals' life prolongation, heart mass entropy decreases.

[The medical sequelae of the radiation accident in the Southern Urals in 1957]. / Meditsinskie posledstviia radiatsionnoi avarii na Iuzhnom Urale v 1957.

As a result of an accidental outburst of long-lived radionuclides at the nearest zone of the trace, a dose rate of gamma-radiation was several dozen CGy/h and in the open country at some populated areas it was 0.1 CGy/h. The evacuation of 10730 persons permitted a decrease of possible radiation doses 2-24-fold. A follow-up of persons who had been exposed to the highest effective equivalent doses of radiation before the evacuation revealed unstable indices of leukocytes and platelets (however they were within normal variations) in the first 2 years. Morbidity and mortality rates among the adults, the rates of congenital diseases and pediatric mortality did not differ from the control values. The rate of families having children born from persons aged 10 to 30 at the time of the accident did not differ from the similar rates for the USSR; this rate was lower by 5-10% than the control values for persons aged 0 to 9 at that time. Standardized birth rates in the study group (31 x 8,10(-3)) were much higher than in the control group (18 x 4,10(-3)).

[Effective and non-effective levels of the inhalation action of transuranium radionuclides estimated by changes in the parameters of cardiac mass in dogs]. / Effektivnye i neéffektivnye urovni ingaliatsionnogo vozdeistviia transuranovykh radionuklidnov, rasschitannye po izmeneniiu parametrov massy serdtsa u sobak.

Effective and noneffective levels of inhalation of 239Pu and 241Am transuranium radionuclides were estimated by changes in heart mass parameters of 143 mongrel dogs.

[Quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure to various transuranium radionuclide compounds by integral nonstochastic criteria]. / Kolichestvennaia otsenka ingaliatsionnogo vozdeistviia raznymi soedineniiami transuranovykh radionuklidov po integral'nym nestokhasticheskim kriteriiam.

The comparison of the danger from inhalation of radionuclide transuranium compounds differently transferred within the body was made by the results of an examination of 169 mongrel dogs and 2000 Wistar rats. Effective and ineffective levels of the radionuclide inhaled were determined by integral nonstochastic criteria, that is, 50 per cent death rate, shortening and increase of the average life and reduction of body mass.

[Effect of external gamma radiation on shortening the life expectancy and rates of the formation of absorbed doses from incorporated 239Pu in dogs]. / Vliianie vneshnego gamma-izlucheniia na sokrashchenie prodolzhitel'nosti zhizni i tempy formirovaniia pogloshchennykh doz u sobak ot inkorporirovannogo 239Pu.

External gamma irradiation of dogs with doses of 103.2 and 51.6 mC/kg combined with the effect of inhaled plutonium-239 accelerates the formation of absorbed doses in secondary organs of the radionuclide deposition by 41.7 and 2.4 times, respectively, whereas the dose of 25.8 mC/kg is ineffective. As estimated by the rate of 239Pu accumulation and by the life span shortening, the minimum effective and the maximum ineffective doses are 104.8 and 80.5 cGy and 89.2 and 79.2 cGy, respectively.

[Morphologic manifestations of early and late consequences of inhalation damage from 241Am to dogs]. / Morfologicheskie proiavleniia blizhaishikh i otdalennykh posledstvii ingaliatsionnogo porazheniia 241 Am u sobak.

In experiments on 56 mongrel dogs of both sexes it was shown that the severity of 241Am-induced injury to dogs was manifested by purulent and fibrous pneumonia combined with pneumosclerosis (acute damage), liver cirrhosis and pneumosclerosis (subacute damage), and malignant tumors in the skeleton, lungs, liver, and thyroid gland, and pneumosclerosis (chronic injury).

[Absorbed doses and hematological shifts in dogs inhaling submicron 239Pu dioxide]. / Pogloshchennye dozy i gematologicheskie sdvigi u sobak pri ingaliatsii submikronnoi dvuokisi 239Pu.

In dogs breathing submicron 239Pu dioxide, the absorbed doses were determined in 12 organs and tissues where the radionuclide was deposited; the integral doses to a whole body were also determined by the sum of the exposed organs. The relationship of the hematologic changes not only with the doses for "critical" tissues but also with the integral dose was studied.

[Longevity of animals in combined exposure to total gamma irradiation and incorporated plutonium-239]. / Prodolzhitel'nost' zhizni zhivotnykh pri kombinirovannom vozdeistvii total'nogo gamma-oblucheniia i inkorporirovannogo plutoniia-239.

The paper presents the functions and nomograms permitting to estimate the expected consequences of the combined effect of alpha-radiation from incorporated plutonium 239 and external gamma-rays at random doses on the lifetime of animals.

[Comparative assessment of the danger of inhaling 239Pu and 241Am based on the degree of leukopenia in dogs]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka opasnosti vdykhaniia 239Pu i 241Am po stepeni leikopenii u sobak.

From the analysis of the results of examination of 96 dogs it is concluded that the estimate of a relative danger of breathing transuranium radionuclides with different metabolism rates (polymeric 239Pu and monomeric 241Am), according to degree of leukopenia is more reliable when it is compared with a mean weighed dose per whole organism than the dose per individual "critical" organ.