Generation of Photovoltaic Solar Energy. Evaluation of the Demand Curve with the Insert of Grid-connected Photovoltaic Power System at CINDACTA II, Curitiba-PR, Brazil

ABSTRACT Unlike some countries, Brazil has a predominantly hydraulic energy matrix, a clean and renewable source. But, in recent years, both the non-renewal of the normal volumes of water in the reservoirs and the lack of consciousness in the consumption of water and energy have placed the country in a critical state of energy supply leading to many intensive policies to reduce its consumption. In contrast, energy from Photovoltaic (PV) on-Grid Systems has grown dramatically in recent years. In this sense, this study presents an analysis of the contribution of the energy generated by a PV on-Grid Systems to be installed in CINDACTA II, in order to make re-contracting a lower demand possible and also reduce electric energy consumption and its cost.

Substâncias hepatotóxicas em pingas nacionais / Hepatotoxic substances in national brandy

O objetivo do trabalho foi observar se há em pingas nacionais substâncias tóxicas, além do etanol, em níveis considerados de risco para dano, principalmente hepático. Foram determinadas em amostras de 8 pingas as concentraçöes de ferro, cobre, zinco (método por absorçäo atômica) e etanol, acetaldeído, n-propanol, acetato de etila, isobutanol e álcool isoamílico (método cromatografia em fase gasosa e espectrometria de massas). Os níveis de ferro estavam acima dos limites permissíveis em duas pingas, amostras números 1 e 8 (respectivamente 0,57mg/L e 0,38mg/L). Esses níveis podem ser considerados prejudiciais se essas bebidas forem consumidas em quantidades elevadas durante longos períodos e, especialmente, se houver, como alguns autores admitem, efeito sinérgico entre etanol e ferro. Os resultados obtidos justificam prosseguir esse estudo preliminar

[Hepatotoxic substances in Brazilian rum]. / Substâncias hepatotóxicas em pingas nacionais.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Brazilian "pingas" (liquor distilled from sugar cane) contain toxic agents other than ethanol at levels which might risk consumers health, especially regarding liver damage. We have studied 8 different "pingas" in which the levels of iron, copper and zinc were measured through an atomic absorption method, and the levels of ethanol, acetaldehyde, n-propanol, ethyl acetate, isobutane, and isoamylic alcohol were measured through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Iron levels were higher than those allowed in two liquors, samples 1 and 8 (respectively 0.57 mg/L and 0.38 mg/L). Such levels may be considered deleterious to health if these liquors are consumed in great amounts and during large periods, especially if a synergistic interaction between alcohol and iron exists, as accepted by some authors. Our findings warrant that further studies be performed.