Bullying, maltreatment and uncivil faculty member behaviors at universities

Objective: Bullying and uncivil behaviors frequently happen in higher education lecture halls. This study aimed at exploring college students bullying incidents and mistreatments by faculty members, witnesses, and the type of bullying, where bullying and exploitations mostly happen. Method: A total 2646 (1493 female & 1185 male) students from a mid-size state university studying at every accessible department voluntarily participated to fill out a survey. A survey instrument and a social demographic information form is used to collect data. A chi-square test and several descriptive statistics were run to analyze the data. Results: Results revealed that 10 % of student were threatened being graded lower or being failed, 21 % stated that they did not believe in fair investigation even when they could complain to the relevant authorities in the university. Among them, 31 % of the students witnessed a faculty member threatening students' in an uncivil manner. Male faculty members were 4 times more likely to bully student or act uncivil behaviors than female faculty members. Assistant professor or younger faculty members tend to behave more negatively than higher ranking or older professors. Conclusions: Most of the incidents happen during the class. Results show that bullying is a universal phenomenon and it appears in every level and field of education. Even though there are cultural and departmental differences, and department-specific misbehaviors, it is still common in every level of education in every culture.

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar los incidentes de intimidación y maltrato de estudiantes universitarios por parte de miembros de la facultad, testigos, el tipo de hostigamiento, dónde se producen principalmente los acosos y los maltratos, cómo se han enfrentado a estos hechos, cómo han resuelto el incidente, las razones del hostigamiento y los malos tratos, frecuencia de los mismos, el tipo observado de bullying y similitudes culturales. Diferencias en los comportamientos de bullying y características de los miembros de la facultad que realizan el bullying. Metodología: Un total de 2646 estudiantes de una universidad estatal de un tamaño mediano que estudiaban en las distintas facultades de la universidad seleccionada. Participaron voluntariamente para realizar una encuesta impulsada por el concepto de intimidación de Olweus. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron que el 10 % de los estudiantes fueron amenazados con una calificación inferior o reprobada, el 21 % dijo que no creía en una investigación justa, incluso si podían presentar una queja ante las autoridades pertinentes de la universidad. Solo el 5 % de los estudiantes mencionó haber presentado una queja verbal informal. El 18 % informó que el acoso era muy importante y muy estresante para ellos. Entre estos, el 31 % de los estudiantes fue testigo de la amenaza de un miembro de la facultad a los estudiantes de una manera poco correcta. Los varones de la facultad eran 4 veces más propensos que los miembros femeninos de la misma a intimidar a los estudiantes, o comportarse de manera no cívica. El profesor asistente o los miembros más jóvenes de la facultad tienden a comportarse de manera más negativa que los profesores de mayor rango o más antiguos. Parece que la mayoría de los incidentes ocurren durante la clase (11 %) o antes de que comience la misma (1,6 %). Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que el acoso académico es un fenómeno universal y aparece en todos los niveles de la educación. A pesar de que existen diferencias culturales y departamentales, el acoso todavía es común en todos los niveles de educación de todas las culturas. El bullying tiene consecuencias negativas en los estudiantes; afecta perniciosamente su salud mental, integración escolar y logros académicos. Por lo tanto, los responsables de la administración escolar deben establecer pautas claras para las relaciones entre el profesorado y los estudiantes; y proporcionar ayuda de asesoramiento y acompañamiento para quienes lo necesiten.

A Scoping Review of Studies on Assistive Technology Interventions and Their Impact on Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Arab Countries.

The rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Arab countries necessitates evidence-based interventions. Assistive technology (AT) presents a promising approach. However, data on the pervasiveness of AT use and its effectiveness for individuals with ASD, specifically within Arab countries, remain scarce. OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature on the AT interventions and outcomes reported for individuals with ASD in Arab countries. METHODS: A scoping review adhering to PRISMA guidelines was undertaken to explore the utilization of AT, segmented into three categories: low-technology (low-tech), mid-technology (mid-tech), and high-technology (high-tech) devices. RESULTS: Twelve studies had a pooled sample of 1547 participants, primarily male school-aged children with ASD. The AT applications evaluated ranged from low-tech visual schedules and support to high-tech virtual reality systems. Studies have reported the potential benefits of AT in improving communication, social, academic, adaptive, and functional abilities; however, comparative evidence between AT interventions is limited. The identified barriers to the adoption of AT included caregiver uncertainty about the use of AT and a lack of awareness of AT among professionals and the Arab community in general. CONCLUSION: Available studies suggest that the adoption of AT can enhance the skills of individuals with ASD in Arab countries. However, more rigorous studies across diverse demographic groups and Arab national regions are needed to strengthen the evidence base and provide appropriate recommendations.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Inviting Men to a Voluntary-Based Domestic Violence Intervention.

This study examines the factors motivating domestic violence perpetrators to participate in a voluntary-based intervention program. The experiences and determining factors around men's positive and negative responses to this invitation were examined through semi-structured interviews with professionals, observations, and reflexive notes during the first meeting with 29 men. Two major themes emerged from the thematic analysis: the factors making men more likely to attend the first meeting or resisting the group intervention. These findings can help professionals recognize the challenges of inviting perpetrators to interventions, especially in countries with insufficient laws for mandated domestic violence perpetrator programs. The paper discusses the importance during the first meeting of building rapport and trust and recognizing complex family histories to encourage voluntary attendance and intervention engagement.

Physiological and Biological Testing and Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder / Physiological and Biological Testing and Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder / Testes fisiológicos e biológicos e avaliação do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático

This review essay investigates the biological and physi- ological consequences of PTSD to deepen its academic understanding, alongside an analysis of psychobiologi- cal testing and assessment procedures. Psychological responses to traumatic events can be acute stress reactions or stress disorders. One among them is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). When people experience a trau- matic event, such as death, terror, or physical injury, they tend to demonstrate fear, helplessness, or hopelessness. Patients displaying other symptoms like re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance, or hyper-arousal also indicate PTSD. Experiencing extended PTSD may cause significant health problems, whether biological, such as the dysfunction of stress-responsive neurobiological sys- tems, or physiological, such as hypertension and heart disease. Previous studies of trauma survivors reported a strong link between physical and mental health. The cumulative literature in psychology shows that traumatic exposure can cause disturbing effects in the short and long term. This review will contribute to developing an understanding of the biological markers of PTSD. This paper specifically deals with biological and physiological testing and assessment of PTSD. It includes widely utilized biological assessments and summarizes a general multi-model assessment to identify PTSD symptoms.

Las respuestas psicológicas a acontecimientos traumáticos pueden dar lugar a estrés agudo, trastornos de estrés o trastornos de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Cuando las personas experimentan un evento traumático, como la muerte de un ser querido, terror o daño físico, tienden a mostrar miedo, impotencia o desesperanza. Mostrar otros síntomas como volver a vivir aquellas experiencias, evasión o hiperexcitación indica TEPT. Sufrir el TEPT a largo plazo puede causar problemas de salud importantes, ya sean biológicos, como la disfunción de los sistemas neurobiológicos sensibles al estrés; o fisiológicos, como la hipertensión y enfermedades cardíacas. Sin embargo, la literatura psicológica deja poco o ningún espacio para tales consecuencias sobre la salud. Para proporcionar información sobre este tema, la presente revisión tiene como objetivo investigar las consecuencias biológicas y fisiológicas del TEPT, y las pruebas y evaluaciones psicobiológicas relacionadas. Esta revisión de la literatura puede contribuir al desarrollo de marcadores biológicos de TEPT.

As respostas psicológicas a eventos traumáticos po- dem levar a estresse agudo, transtornos de estresse ou transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT). Quando as pessoas vivenciam um evento traumático, como a morte de um ente querido, terror ou danos físicos, elas tendem a demonstrar medo, desamparo ou desesperança. Mostrar outros sintomas, como reviver essas experiências, evitação ou hiperexcitação, indica TEPT. Sofrer de TEPT de longa duração pode causar problemas de saúde significativos, sejam eles biológicos, como disfunção de sistemas neurobiológicos sensíveis ao estresse; ou fisiológicos, como hipertensão e doenças cardíacas. No entanto, a literatura psicológica deixa pouco ou nenhum espaço para a discussão de tais consequências para a saúde. Para fornecer informações sobre esse tópico, a presente revisão tem como objetivo investigar as consequências biológicas e fisiológicas do TEPT, assim como testes e avaliações psicobiológicas relacionados. Esta revisão de literatura pode contribuir para

The power of e-recruitment and employer branding on Indonesian millennials' intention to apply for a job.

Companies need reliable employees to support their business. As e-grocery businesses in Indonesia continue to grow during the pandemic, various strategies are required to attract millennials. This study aims to prove the influence of employer branding, e-recruitment, and post-pandemic employee value proposition (radical flexibility, deeper connection, personal growth, and holistic well-being) in encouraging millennials to apply for jobs at e-grocery companies after the pandemic. Few e-grocery companies in Indonesia use employer branding and e-recruitment; this study attempts to combine these two variables to see the effect of their interaction on influencing greater millennial intentions. Using the latest experimental method, which is the experimental vignette method, we conducted three studies with a total of 619 millennial participants, who were recruited using the convenience sampling technique. All participants received a set of job advertisements as a stimulus. The results showed that e-recruitment could not significantly predict the millennials' intentions when applying for jobs in e-grocery companies. Companies in Indonesia may need to analyze millennials' familiarity with e-recruitment platforms, especially on company websites. However, employer branding successfully predicted millennials' intention to apply for a job in e-grocery companies, which was not affected by the length of their work experience. Employer branding serves as a means of building job seekers' trust through personal promotions. With this trust, job seekers are more motivated to apply to the company. When e-recruitment and employer branding were analyzed simultaneously, there were significant interactive effects on millennials' intentions. Employer branding acted as a socialization medium to introduce e-recruitment and vice versa. E-recruitment served as a form of branding that could shape the perceptions and experiences of millennial job seekers. Lastly, the employee value proposition significantly predicted millennials' intentions, where holistic well-being was the most sought-after value. It can support employees' well-being and encourage them to make valuable propositions that will make e-grocery companies excel in Indonesian labor market.

The Role of Objective and Subjective Experiences, Direct and Media Exposure, Social and Organizational Support, and Educational and Gender Effects in the Prediction of Children Posttraumatic Stress Reaction One Year after Calamity / El papel de las experiencias objetivas y subjetivas, la exposición directa y mediática, el apoyo social y organizacional, y los efectos educativos y de género en la predicción de la reacción de estrés postraumático de los niños un año después del desastre

The purpose of this study was to test the direct, indirect, objective, and subjective exposure effect on the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The impact of social and organizational support, as well as age and gender factors, were examined in development of PTSD. Participants were 270 disaster survivor elementary and secondary school students. One year after the disaster, each participant filled out a Children's Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD), trauma exposure, trauma experiencing, social support, and organizational support scales. Male and female students were compared on these instruments with univariate Anova. Elementary school children outscored both on the organizational support and trauma scale and this reached signifcance level. Additionally, contributing factors were predicted with a step-wise regression analysis. A combination of direct, indirect, objective exposure scores, subjective exposure scores, gender, age, organizational and social support variables accounted for 17 % of the PTSD scores. Direct exposure accounted for 6 %, subjective exposure 5.4 %, age 3 %, having a friend moving away 2.6 % and food shortage contributed 1 %, and of the total variance. Direct exposure appeared to be the most significant predictors, followed by subjective exposure. Media exposure, gender, and physical exposure seemed to be especially poor contributors. Neither school nor home damage, the death of relativesor friends, or gas, water, and electric shortages contributed significantly to the results

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la exposición directa, indirecta, objetiva y subjetiva en el desarrollo del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (DEPT). El impacto del apoyo y la organización social, así como el efecto de la edad y el género, fueron examinados en relación con el desarrollo de DEPT en este grupo. Los participantes fueron 270 estudiantes de escuela elemental y secundaria sobrevivientes al desastre. Un año después, cada participante completó el Índice de Reacción al Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (Children's Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, CPTSD), exposición al trauma, apoyo social y la escala de apoyo organizacional. Los factores participantes se predijeron por mediode un análisis de regresión stepwise. Una combinación de puntajes de exposición directa, indirecta, objetiva y subjetiva, género, edad, apoyo social y organizacional explicó el 17 % de los puntajes de DEPT. La exposición directa explicó un 6 %, la exposición indirecta el 5.4 %, edad 3 %, falta de alimento el 1 %, y tener un amigo que se cambió de lugar de vivienda después del desastre contribuyó en la explicación de un 2.6 % de la varianza total. La exposición subjetiva y la exposición directa parecen ser los principales predictores. Sin embargo, contrario a los hallazgos de estudios anteriores, la exposición a los medios, el género y la exposición física aparecen como pobres predictores. Ni los daños a la escuela o a la casa, la muerte de familia res o amigos o la falta de acceso a servicios como el gas, el agua o la energía contribuyeron significativamente a los resultados

Cooperative learning in mathematics: a study on the effects of the parameter of equality on academic performance / Aprendizaje cooperativo en matemáticas: Un estudio de los efectos del parámetro de igualdad sobre el rendimiento académico

The aim of this research is to determine, the importance of learning content and the role of students' prior knowledge for the formation of cooperative learning groups. The research was conducted in three mathematics classrooms at a secondary school and the sample was composed of 72 third year students. The results prove the existence of a negative correlation between the equality parameter (cooperation, collaboration and peer-tutoring) and the degree of existing cognitive proximity between students' prior knowledge and structure of the learning content

El principal objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la importancia del contenido de aprendizaje y el papel de los conocimientos previos de los alumnos para la formación de los grupos de aprendizaje cooperativo. La investigación se desarrolló en tres aulas de matemáticas de un centro de Educación Secundaria y la muestra estaba formada por 72 alumnos de 3º curso de ESO. Los resultados vienen a demostrar la existencia de una correlación negativa entre el parámetro de igualdad (cooperación, colaboración y tutoría) y la mayor o menor proximidad cognitiva existente entre los conocimientos previos de los alumnos y la estructura de los contenidos de aprendizaje

Intelligence development of socio-economically disadvantaged pre-school children / Desarrollo de la Inteligencia en Niños en Edad Preescolar con Desventajas Socioeconómicas

Diversos factores influyen en el desarrollo intelectual de niños en edad preescolar con desventajas socioeconómicas. El desarrollo de la inteligencia es un concepto multidimensional que está determinado por factores biológicos, sociales y ambientales. Sin embargo, en la presente revisión únicamente se analizan y discuten los aspectos sociales y ambientales. Algunos de los factores que presentan profundos efectos en el desarrollo cognitivo son los siguientes: la estimulación del medio ambiente, las actitudes de los padres, la edad materna y la educación. Se ejemplifican también algunos programas de prevención e intervenciones exitosas encaminadas al enriquecimiento del desarrollo cognitivo infantil. Parece que los programas de intervención temprana en el segundo y tercer año de la vida infantil tienen efectos fundamentales en el desarrollo cognitivo de aquellos niños con ciertas desventajas. Es claro que el aprendizaje se inicia con el nacimiento. Algunos estudios longitudinales mostraron que el periodo más efectivo para la intervención es durante la niñez temprana. Aquellos niños que han estado en programas de estancias y jardines infantiles han mantenido estos logros en la adolescencia y en la edad adulta. Algunos de estos beneficios incluyen puntuaciones elevadas en pruebas de IQ, mejores calificaciones en pruebas de puntuación y mejores habilidades en lectura y matemáticas, mayor número de logros educacionales, mayor número de títulos universitarios y un menor número de problemas psicológicos y de salud mental. Por tanto, la investigación en programas tempranos de alta calidad proporciona múltiples ven-tajas en forma personal, así como para la sociedad en su conjunto. Activistas sociales, psicólogos y consejeros deberían hacer un mayor esfuerzo para modificar las políticas gubernamentales y la asignación de fondos (AU)

The intellectual development of socioeconomically disadvantaged preschool children is influenced by several factors. The development of intelligence is a multidimensional concept that is determined by biological, social, and environmental factors. In this literature review, however, only the social and environmental factors are discussed. Some of the factors that have profound effect on children’s cognitive development are as follows: environmental stimulation, parental attitudes, maternal age, and education. Successful intervention and prevention programs aimed at enhancing children’s cognitive development are also exemplified. It appears that early intervention programs in the second and third year of an infant’s life have fundamental effects on the cognitive development of disadvantaged children. It is clear that learning starts with birth. Longitudinal studies revealed that the most effective period for intervention is early childhood. Those who received early day-care and preschool intervention programs have sustained these gains in adolescence and adulthood. Those benefits include higher IQ scores, better achievement test scores, better reading and math skills, more educational attainment, more college degrees, and fewer psychosocial and mental health problems. Therefore, it appears that investing in early high-quality programs provide multiple advantages for individuals and society. Social activists, psychologists, and counsellors should make every effort to affect the allocation of governmental funds and policies (AU)

Prediction of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms via Comorbid Disorders and other Social and School Problems in Earthquake Exposed Turkish Adolescents / Predicción de síntomas de estrés post-traumático por trastornos comórbidos y otros problemas sociales y escolares en adolescentes expuestos a un terremoto en Turquía

On May 3rd, 2003, a strong earthquake hit the eastern part of Turkey at 03:27 a.m. and lasted 20 seconds. It destroyed a regional boarding school killing 83 students and 1 teacher. Disaster-exposed children are at risk for a variety of mental health, social, and academic problems. This research was designed to investigate the extent of comorbidity among adolescent earthquake survivors. One hundred and ninety-one adolescents were given the Child Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index and the Behavior Assessment Systems one year after the earthquake. The adolescents were divided into PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) positive and non PTSD groups. Multivariate ANOVAs were then conducted to test group and gender differences on the BASC subscales. Correlation analysis revealed some significant associations between the CPTSD RI and BASC subscales. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to predict the contribution of each of the BASC SRP A subscales. Depression was the strongest contributor, accounting for 23% of the total variance. The next most significant contributing variable was atypicality, at 6%. This was followed by sensation-seeking, with a 4% variance. Finally attitude to school added another 2% to the prediction for PTSD. These four variables, together, explained 35% of the variance in the CPTSD RI total score (r.585, r²=.35 p<.05). Those variables also correlated with the CPTSD RI subscales of re-experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal. Cross- cultural implications were also discussed in reference to the disaster and other disorders.

El 3 de mayo de 2003 un fuerte terremoto de 20 segundos golpeó Turquía del este a las 3:27 de la madrugada, éste destruyó un internado regional en donde 83 estudiantes y 1 maestro fallecieron. Los niños expuestos a desastres están en riesgo sufrir una variedad de dificultades con respecto a su salud mental, así como problemas sociales y académicos. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de comorbilidad entre los adolescentes sobrevivientes al terremoto. Un año después de la catástrofe 191 adolescentes completaron el Índice de Reacción de Desorden de Estrés Postraumático en Niños CPTSD y el Sistema de Evaluación de Conducta BASC. Estos adolescentes fueron divididos en grupos de PTSD (Desorden de Estrés Postraumático) positivo y grupos que no presentaban PTSD. De esta manera, se llevaron a cabo análisis de varianza ANOVA para probar las diferencias de grupo y de género en las subescalas BASC (Sistema de Evaluación de Conducta para Niños). El análisis de correlación reveló algunas asociaciones significativas entre el CPTSD RI y las subescalas BASC. Múltiples análisis de regresión stepwise (paso a paso) fueron utilizados para predecir la contribución de cada una de las subescalas BASC SRP A. La depresión fue el mayor contribuyente, lo que representa el 23% de la varianza total. La siguiente variable que contribuye significativamente fue atípica al 6%. Esto fue seguido por la búsqueda de sensaciones, con una variación del 4%. Por último, la actitud hacia la escuela añadió un 2% a la predicción para el PTSD. Estas cuatro variables juntas explicaron el 35% de la varianza de la puntuación total del CPTSD RI (r.585, r²=.35 p<.05). Estas variables también se correlacionan con las subescalas de RI CPTSD de re-experimentación, evitación e hiperexcitación. Las implicaciones transculturales también fueron discutidas en referencia a la catástrofe y otros trastornos.

[Content analysis of websites directed to low back pain]. / Bel agrisi konusuna yönelik internet sitelerinin içerik analizi.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the websites directed at providing information about low back pain with respect to their content and quality. METHODS: The websites were detected by scanning the words 'low back pain' from the Turkish pages module of the Google search portal. One hundred and fifty websites introduced on the first 20 pages were evaluated; the 65 websites determined to fulfill the desired criteria were analyzed in detail. RESULTS: Twenty of the 65 websites were excluded due to low quality, extraction from another website, sales promotion-related books/products, or qualified as news. In the majority of websites, no site administrator was indicated. When an administrator was indicated, the common specialities were physical therapists (13%), neurosurgeons (8%) and anesthesiologists (4%). Ten of the websites (22%) provided a pain definition close to international standards, whereas pain classification was available on most of the websites (84%). There was no mention of methods of pain scoring on any of them. Treatment modalities for which information was given included mostly behavioral, physical and pharmacological therapies, respectively. Complementary techniques, in order, included acupuncture, yoga and bioenergy. On 10 websites, text was supported with medical photographs, and videos were available on two. None of the websites had a provision for selection of other languages. CONCLUSION: Websites directed to low back pain should be enriched with respect to scientific content, thereby serving to increase the level of social education related to pain management.

A cross-cultural study on the usage of cooperative learning techniques in graduate level education in five different countries / Estudio transcultural sobre el uso de técnicas de aprendizaje cooperativo en estudiantes graduados en cinco países diferentes

The purpose of this study was to examine graduate students' experiences of cooperative learning in higher education in five ethnically, culturally and geographically different countries. This research was an attempt to understand how a culturally distinct instruction and academic environments influence their learning processes and implications for better instructional designs. Graduate students from Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Korea, Turkey, United States, Colombia, Denmark, Lithuania and Syria are surveyed and analysis of variance and factor analysis techniques are used in statistical analysis. Results revealed that culture did not have effect on learning preferences. Graduate students made conscious choices whether to be involved or not in cooperative learning in their educational environment.

El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar las experiencias del aprendizaje cooperativo en estudiantes graduados de nivel universitario en cinco países cultural, etnográfica y geográficamente diferentes. Este estudio fue realizado con el propósito de entender cómo influye la educación culturamente distinta y los ambientes académicos en el proceso de aprendizaje y sus implicaciones en el desarrollo de mejores sistemas educativos. Se encuestaron estudiantes universitarios originarios de Arabia Saudita, Brasil, Corea,Turquía, Estados Unidos. A sus respuestas se les aplicó un análisis de varianza y técnicas de análisis factorial. Los resultados mostraron que la cultura no tuvo efecto alguno en las preferencias de aprendizaje. Los estudiantes universitarios realizaron una elección consciente con respecto a su participación o no en el aprendizaje cooperativo en sus ambientes educativos.

Comparing the earthquake exposed and non-exposed Turkish children’s Post Traumatic Stress Reactions

Desafortunadamente, Turquía se encuentra en una zona propensa a terremotos; por consiguiente, los niños turcos tienen riesgo de desarrollar trastornos de estrés post-traumático (TEPT) causado por la exposición a terremotos, tanto en la amenaza anticipada de terremoto como en sus réplicas. Este estudio tiene el objetivo de identificar las reacciones de TEPT al desastre en niños turcos expuestos y no expuestos al gran terremoto de Mármara de 1999 en las dos ciudades turcas de Sakarya y Edirne. Los datos de ambos grupos, control y trauma, fueron recogidos en Mayo de 2000. Se utilizó el OSU-Child PTSD Inventory para evaluar los síntomas TEPT. Se aplicaron estadísticos descriptivos y pruebas t para muestras independientes para comparar a los grupos expuestos y no expuestos en términos de frecuencias de diagnóstico TEPT en categorías débil, moderado, severo y muy severo. Estos resultados indican que las tasas de prevalencia estimada de PETP alcanzaron una proporción muy alta de 73% en el grupo expuesto a terremoto y un 9% en el grupo control no expuesto. El número de niños para un diagnóstico posible de TEPT en los grupos expuestos a trauma fue seis veces mayor que en el grupo control no expuesto, 144 versus 24, respectivamente. Los psicólogos y profesionales de salud mental deberían considerar estas altas tasas de severidad y prevalencia de TEPT cuando desarrollen programas de tratamiento, intervención y prevención para niños después de catástrofes naturales y tecnológicas. Los resultados indican que la exploración temprana para la identificación de TEPT es muy importante para predecir ulteriores efectos de TEPT

Unfortunately, Turkey is stretched out on the earthquake fault line; therefore, Turkish children are at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by earthquake exposures and the threats of the anticipated earthquakes as well as aftershocks. This current study aimed at identifying PTSD reactions of disaster exposed and non-exposed Turkish children after the big 1999 Marmara earthquakes in the two cities as Sakarya and Edirne, Turkey. The data for both of the trauma and con-trol groups were collected in May of 2000. OSU-Child PTSD Inventory was used for assessing the PTSD symptoms. The descriptive statistics and independent samples t tests were utilized to compare the exposed and non-exposed groups in terms of frequencies of PTSD diagnosis in mild, moderate, severe and very severe category. The results indicated that the estimated prevalence rates of PTSD reached on a very high proportion of 73% in the earthquake exposed group whereas 9% in the non-exposed-control group. The numbers of children for possible the PTSD diagnose in the exposed-trauma groups were 6 times more than in non-exposed-control group, 144 versus 24, respectively. Psychologists and mental health providers should consider these high severity and prevalence rates of PTSD when developing treatment, intervention and prevention programs for children after natural and technological disasters. Results indicates that early screening for identification of PTSD is very important in predicting the lasting effects of PTSD