Corticoesteroides: su utilidad en el abordaje farmacológico de la crisis de migraña / Steroids: their role in migraine attack pharmacological management

RESUMEN: La migraña es una cefalea primaria frecuente y debilitante. Los pacientes con crisis de migraña agudas y severas usualmente deben consultar por servicios de guardia, y el tratamiento convencional para el ataque de migraña incluye diversos fármacos como antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, triptanes, ergotamina, antidopaminérgicos, entre otros. Los corticoesteroides han sido ampliamente prescriptos, tanto como monoterapia o como en tratamiento coadyuvante a otros fármacos abortivos, para la crisis de migraña en los servicios de emergencia. Diferentes estudios han sido llevados a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de estos para abortar la crisis aguda de migraña y para evitar su recurrencia. En la presente revisión, realizamos una evaluación crítica sobre la bibliografía publicada en relación a la utilidad de los corticoesteroides en al abordaje de la crisis de migraña. En conclusión, estos podrían ser considerados como una opción razonable como tratamiento coadyuvante en las crisis de migraña resistentes, recurrentes o prolongadas (status migrañoso).

ABSTRACT Migraine is a frequent and debilitating primary headache. People with acute severe migraine attack often present to the emergency department, and standard treatment for the migraine attack generally includes the use of several drugs such as are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, triptans, ergotamine, antidopaminergic agents, among others. Steroids have been widely prescribed, either as monotherapy or as add-on treatment, to manage migraine attacks in the emergency setting. Several clinical studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of corticosteroids in aborting acute migraine attacks and avoiding their recurrence. In this review, we make a critical appraisal of the published literature about corticosteroids treatment for the migraine attack. Overall, they could be considered as an adjunctive therapy for resistant, recurrent o prolonged (migraine status) migraine attacks.

[Endoscopic Anatomy of the Inferior Orbital Fissure-Müller's Muscle Structural Unit at the Medial Sellar Orbital Junction and its surgical relevance] / Anatomía endoscópica de la unidad estructural Fisura orbitaria inferior - Músculo de Müller en la Junción órbito selar medial y su importancia quirúrgica.

Background: Diseases of the orbit represent a surgical challenge, particularly those compromising the orbital apex. Optimal surgical access should provide the best possible exposure, allowing to identify certain key anatomical structures, called landmarks. Objective: Describe the endoscopic anatomy of the structural unit formed by the Inferior Orbital Fissure (IOF) and the Müller's muscle (MM) at the orbital apex (OA), thus generating a new endoscopic anatomical landmark. Materials and methods: A bone-descriptive analysis of the IOF in dry craniums, was followed by dissection and endoscopic study of six heads (twelve sides), colored and fixed in formaldehyde. In ten dry craniums (twenty sides), distances and angles of OA foramina were measured (optic foramen [OF] and foramen rotundum [FR]). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0 statistical software (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL). Results: The structural unit IOF-MM was identified in all endoscopic dissections, verifying its intimate relationship with the OA. From the morpho-metric standpoint, OF and FR were found at an average distance of 65.19 mm and 60.16 mm, respectively. The average angle of the OF was 13.32 degrees, whereas the one for FR was 19.31 degrees. We found a significant correlation between OF and FR only on the left side (left hemi-crane) (Kendall Tau b 0.69, p=0.006). There were no anatomical or morphological differences between both sides. Conclusion: The unit IOF-MM is a constant anatomical landmark, useful and safe under endoscopic technique, which allows the recognition of the OA and its contiguous areas.

Antecedentes: Las enfermedades que afectan la órbita representan un desafío quirúrgico, en particular las que comprometen el ápex orbitario. Una vía óptima de acceso quirúrgico proporciona la mejor exposición permitiendo identificar ciertas estructuras anatómicas claves llamadas reparos anatómicos Objetivo: Describir la anatomía endoscópica de la unidad estructural Fisura Orbitaria Inferior / Músculo de Müller a nivel del ápex orbitario generando así un nuevo reparo anatómico endoscópico. Material y método: Análisis descriptivo óseo de la fisura orbitaria inferior (FOI) en cráneos secos, disección y estudio bajo técnica endoscópica de 6 cabezas fijadas en formol y coloreadas; finalmente se tomaron distancias y ángulos a forámenes relacionados con el ápex orbitario a 10 cráneos secos. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa estadístico SPSS 17,0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Resultado: En todas las disecciones endoscópicas se pudo identificar la unidad fisura orbitaria inferior-músculo de Müller y también verificar su íntima relación con el ápex orbitario. Morfométricamente el foramen óptico y el foramen redondo mayor están a una distancia promedio de 65.19mm y 60.16mm respectivamente. Los ángulos promedio del FO fue de 13.32 grados y del FRM de19.31 grados. Hallamos correlación significativa entre CO. y el FRM sólo en el hemicráneo izquierdo, (Tau b de Kendall 0.69, P=0.006). No se encontraron diferencias anatómicas (o morfológicas) significativas entre lados. Conclusión: bajo técnica endoscópica la unidad Fisura Orbitaria Inferior-Músculo de Müller (FOI-MM) es un reparo anatómico constante, útil y seguro que permite el reconocimiento del ápex orbitario y sus áreas contiguas.

[Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients]. / Manifestaciones no motoras en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson.

UNLABELLED: Intoduction - Objetive Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with motor and non-motor symptoms , and is progressively disabling. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of non- motor symptoms (NMS ) in PD patients in treatment, according to the evolutionary stage of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective observational descriptive study which included patients diagnosed with PD who were under treatment and consulted at Servicio de Neurología del Hospital Nacional de Clínicas. Patients were classified into two groups: 1) Patients with PD with less than 2 years of disease evolution - "Early evolutive stage group"; and 2) Patients with PD of 6 years of disease evolution or more - "Late evolutive stage group". The following scales were applied: UPDRS, NMSQuest and H&Y. RESULTS: 110 PD patients , 61 men ( 55%) and 49 women (44 % ) were studied , with an age of 70.0 ± 0.9 years. The late evolution group had significantly higher frequency of anxiety, falls by orthostatic hypotension , hallucinations, nausea - vomiting and double vision, with respect to the group of early evolution. Significant correlations were observed between NMS (PDNMS Quest) and the time evolution of the EP (r2 0.11) and the UPDRS (r20.36) scale. CONCLUSION: all patients had some NMS being significantly more common in patients in the late evolutionary group.

[Asomatognosia as a manifestation of migraine with aura. case report and review]. / Asomatognosia como manifestación de migraña con aura. Reporte de un caso y revisión.

INTRODUCTION: For years the study of migraine with aura was surprised by the versatility of its presentation. Auras are manifested with the gradual development of neurological symptoms ranging from visual impairment to perception disorders. The latter are rare forms of presentation being the reason for this article. CASE REPORT: the case of a female patient of 53 years diagnosed with migraine with aura which makes an autobiographical account of their crises, with special emphasis on a variant of asomatognosia as manifestation is presented. It then discusses the asomatognosia as a phenomenon belonging to the altered body image and the different concepts related to these clinical forms and a brief overview of the possible anatomical locations of these conditions do. CONCLUSION: Migraine with aura may manifest with varied previous symptoms before the pain. The asomatognosia is an uncommon presentation. A field of interests for research also include an effort to define the specificity and location of the lesion as a method for better understanding of how injuries to very specific areas of the brain affect perception and memory.

Introducción: Durante años el estudio de la migraña con aura ha sorprendido por la versatilidad de su forma de presentación. Las auras se manifiestan con el desarrollo gradual de síntomas neurológicos que van desde alteraciones visuales hasta trastornos de la percepción. Estos últimos son formas de presentación poco frecuentes siendo el motivo de este artículo. Caso Clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 53 años con diagnóstico de migraña con aura la cual hace un relato autobiográfico de sus crisis, con especial énfasis en una variante de asomatognosia como forma de presentación. A continuación se discute sobre la asomatognosia como un fenómeno perteneciente a las alteraciones del esquema corporal y los diferentes conceptos y formas clínicas relacionados con estas y se hacer un breve repaso sobre las posibles localizaciones anatómicas de estas afecciones. Conclusión: La migraña con aura puede manifestarse con una variada sintomatología previa al dolor. La asomatognosia es una forma infrecuente de presentación. Un campo de interés en la investigación de esta área incluyen un esfuerzo por definir la especificidad y localización de la lesión como un método para la mejor comprensión de cómo las lesiones a áreas muy específicas del cerebro afectan la percepción y la memoria.

Latin American consensus on guidelines for chronic migraine treatment.

Chronic migraine is a condition with significant prevalence all around the world and high socioeconomic impact, and its handling has been challenging neurologists. Developments for understanding its mechanisms and associated conditions, as well as that of new therapies, have been quick and important, a fact which has motivated the Latin American and Brazilian Headache Societies to prepare the present consensus. The treatment of chronic migraine should always be preceded by a careful diagnosis review; the detection of possible worsening factors and associated conditions; the stratification of seriousness/impossibility to treat; and monitoring establishment, with a pain diary. The present consensus deals with pharmacological and nonpharmacological forms of treatment to be used in chronic migraine.

Latin American consensus on guidelines for chronic migraine treatment / Consenso latino-americano para as diretrizes de tratamento da migranea cronica

Chronic migraine is a condition with significant prevalence all around the world and high socioeconomic impact, and its handling has been challenging neurologists. Developments for understanding its mechanisms and associated conditions, as well as that of new therapies, have been quick and important, a fact which has motivated the Latin American and Brazilian Headache Societies to prepare the present consensus. The treatment of chronic migraine should always be preceded by a careful diagnosis review; the detection of possible worsening factors and associated conditions; the stratification of seriousness/impossibility to treat; and monitoring establishment, with a pain diary. The present consensus deals with pharmacological and nonpharmacological forms of treatment to be used in chronic migraine.

A migrânea crônica é uma condição com prevalência significativa ao redor do mundo e alto impacto socioeconômico, sendo que seu manuseio tem desafiado os neurologistas. Os avanços na compreensão de seus mecanismos e das condições a ela associadas, bem como nas novas terapêuticas, têm sido rápidos e importantes, fato que motivou as Sociedades Latino-americana e Brasileira de Cefaleia a elaborarem o presente consenso. O tratamento da migrânea crônica deve ser sempre precedido por uma revisão cuidadosa do diagnóstico, pela detecção de possíveis fatores de piora e das condições associadas, pela estratificação de gravidade/impossibilidade de se tratar e pelo monitoramento com um diário da dor. Este consenso apresenta abordagens farmacológicas e não-farmacológicas para tratar a migrânea crônica.