The Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study at a Tertiary Level Hospital in Oman.

BACKGROUND:  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects the renal system frequently and leads to AKI. This study aims to determine the incidence of AKI, risk factors including hyperglycemia, and the requirement for renal dialysis. METHODS:  A retrospectively observational study was done at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital between March 2020 and September 2021. A total of 286 adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were included in the study. The patient's medical records were reviewed. Patients' baseline demographic characteristics, APACHE score on admission, clinical data including length of stay, oxygenation parameters, ventilator days, shock, AKI (KIDIGO guideline), dialysis, medications, lab on admission as well as during the ICU stay, and the outcome (mortality) were recorded in detail. Follow-up was done till discharge from ICU. RESULTS:  The study population included 68.5% (196/286) males. The median age was 56 years (interquartile range, IQR: 43-66.25). The incidence of AKI was 55.2% (158/286) overall. Out of those who had AKI, 27.2% (43/158), 31.6% (50/158), and 41.1% (65/158) developed AKI stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Univariate analysis for the development of AKI showed the following significant variables: age (p=0.005; odds ratio, OR 1.024; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.007-1.041), creatinine level on admission (p=0.012; OR 1.005; 95%CI 1.001-1.008), APACHE score on admission (p<0.001; OR 1.049; 95%CI 1.021-1.077), P/F ratio (p<0.001; OR 0.991; 95%CI 0.987-0.995), nephrotoxic agent (p<0.001; OR 8.556; 95%CI 4.733-15.467), shock (p<0.001; OR 8.690; 95%CI 5.087-14.843), days on the ventilator (p<0.001; OR 1.085; 95%CI 1.043-1.129), and length of stay in ICU (p<0.001; OR 1.082; 95%CI 1.047-1.119). The multivariate analysis confirmed only shock (p=0.004; OR 5.893; 95%CI 1.766-19.664). A total of 41.7% (66/158) of patients received dialysis. Hyperglycemia was not associated with the development of AKI. For patients with AKI, those having high APACHE score (p<0.001), shock (p=0.56; OR 2.326; 95%CI 1.036-5.223), ischemic heart disease (IHD) (p=0.002; OR 9.000; 95%CI 1.923-42.130), and hypertension (p=0.023; OR 2.145; 95%CI 11.125-4.090) were significantly associated with the requirement of dialysis. The mortality was found to be 59.1% (169/286) overall whereas it was 83.5% (132/158) for AKI versus 28.9% (37/158) for non-AKI cases. CONCLUSIONS:  A high incidence of AKI for critically ill COVID-19 cases was found in this study. The shock was the only significant predictor for the development of AKI. AKI is associated with high mortality in these patients.

Comparison of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation With High-Flow Nasal Cannula, Face-Mask, and Helmet in Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure in Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: For COVID-19-related respiratory failure, noninvasive respiratory assistance via a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), helmet, and face-mask noninvasive ventilation is used. However, which of these options is most effective is yet to be determined. This study aimed to compare the three techniques of noninvasive respiratory support and to determine the superior technique. DESIGN: A randomized control trial with permuted block randomization of nine cases per block for each parallel, open-labeled arm. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Adult patients with COVID-19 with a Pa o2 /F io2 ratio of less than 300, admitted between February 4, 2021, and August 9, 2021, to three tertiary centers in Oman, were studied. INTERVENTIONS: This study included three interventions: HFNC ( n = 47), helmet continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP; n = 52), and face-mask CPAP ( n = 52). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The endotracheal intubation rate and mortality at 28 and 90 days were measured as the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. Of the 159 randomized patients, 151 were analyzed. The median age was 52 years, and 74% were men. The endotracheal intubation rates were 44%, 45%, and 46% ( p = 0.99), and the median intubation times were 7.0, 5.5, and 4.5 days ( p = 0.11) in the HFNC, face-mask CPAP, and helmet CPAP, respectively. In comparison to face-mask CPAP, the relative risk of intubation was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.63-1.49) for HFNC and 1.0 (95% CI 0.66-1.51) for helmet CPAP. The mortality rates were 23%, 32%, and 38% at 28 days ( p = 0.24) and 43%, 38%, and 40% ( p = 0.89) at 90 days for HFNC, face-mask CPAP, and helmet CPAP, respectively. The trial was stopped prematurely because of a decline in cases. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory trial found no difference in intubation rate and mortality among the three intervention groups for the COVID-19 patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure; however, more evidence is needed to confirm these findings as the trial was aborted prematurely.

A Five-Year Retrospective Closed Cohort Study to Find a Superior Anaesthetic Technique for Caesarean Section From a Haemodynamic Perspective.

Background A cesarean section (CS) is common and requires a safe and effective anesthetic technique for the safety of both the mother and the fetus. This study aims to compare the intraoperative hemodynamic safety profile with general anesthesia (GA) and regional anesthesia (RA) and propose a superior technique for cesarean from the hemodynamic perspective. Methods After obtaining ethical committee approval, a retrospective closed cohort study was conducted on patients who underwent cesarean with GA and RA. This study was conducted at a tertiary-level university hospital in Oman from January 2015 to December 2019. The investigators collected maternal and fetal data (hypotension, bradycardia, blood loss, APGAR score, fetal mortality, complications, and length of stay) from January 2015 to December 2019. The primary outcome was the incidence of intraoperative hypotension, and the secondary outcomes studied were significant blood loss and APGAR score in both anesthesia techniques. Results A total of 2500 cesarean patients were studied, of whom 1379 received RA and 1121 received GA. The overall hypotension (systolic BP<90 mm Hg) rate observed was 40.1%; it was significantly lower with GA as compared to RA (32.1% versus 46.5%, respectively, P<0.001, OR 0.545, 95% CI 0.462 to 0.643). Consequently, the requirement for vasopressors was low with GA compared to RA (1.6% versus 23.1%, P<0.001, OR 0.054, 95% CI 0.034 to 0.088). Blood loss (>1 L) was remarkably higher in GA as compared to the RA (15.5% versus 8.9%, respectively, P<0.001, OR 1.916, 95% CI 1.499 to 2.448). APGAR scores were lower with GA than RA (2.8% versus 0.9%, P<0.001). Bradycardia and fetal mortality were almost equal in both groups. Conclusion GA is associated with significantly better hemodynamic stability during the cesarean section.

The Assessment of Immediate Postoperative Delirium in Neurologically Intact Adult Patients Admitted to the Post-anesthesia Care Unit: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Immediate postoperative delirium (IPD) in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) can cause significant morbidity affecting everyday activities and length of stay with cost implications. This study was undertaken to find the proportion of IPD in PACU and its association with anesthesia and other perioperative factors. Methods After obtaining ethical approval and informed consent, this cross-sectional study was conducted in the PACU. A total of 600 consecutive adult patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1-3) posted for surgery were approached between January and March 2019, of which 402 patients without neurological diseases and language and hearing discrepancies were studied. All patients had the intervention of surgery under anesthesia in a usual manner. Delirium was assessed preoperatively, postoperatively at 15 and 30 minutes, and before discharge from the PACU. IPD was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) score, while sedation/agitation was assessed using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). The primary outcomes were the proportion of IPD, association with anesthesia, and perioperative risk factors. The secondary outcomes were the length of stay, delirium treatment, and mortality. Results Overall, the IPD proportion was 14.7%. A significant association was demonstrated with premedication with midazolam (odds ration (OR): 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42-7.35; P=0.003), general anesthesia (GA) (OR: 6.3; 95% CI: 2.23-17.8; P<0.001), duration of anesthesia (126 versus 95 minutes; P=0.001), laparoscopic mode of surgical access (OR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.8-6.4; P<0.001), and postoperative RASS >/< 0 (OR: 10.6; 95% CI: 4.69-24.11; P<0.001) at 30 minutes and before discharge from the PACU. Multivariate analysis showed the strongest association of RASS at 30 minutes with IPD. Conclusion The proportion of IPD was found to be 14.7% in this study, and the chances of developing IPD are high if the patient is not awake and calm in the PACU, especially if midazolam is administered as premedication, followed by general anesthesia (GA) for a long duration.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome due to Atypical Antipsychotics in a COVID-19-positive Pregnant Woman.

How to cite this article: Burad J, Kodange S. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome due to Atypical Antipsychotics in a COVID-19-positive Pregnant Woman. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(9):1073-1074.

Super Refractory Status Epilepticus in Hashimoto's Encephalopathy.

We present a case of a 38-year-old woman who was at eight weeks of gestation and was admitted to Sultan Qaboos University Hospital with refractory status epilepticus (SE). She presented with a two-day history of fever and a depressed level of consciousness that was followed with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. She progressed to refractory SE that required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Autoimmune workup was suggestive of Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) as suggested by the high levels of thyroid antibodies. Her magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral hippocampal and basal ganglia hyperintensities, and electroencephalogram showed bilateral frontal epileptiform discharges. Other autoimmune workup was negative. Intravenous anesthetics were started including propofol, midazolam, ketamine, and thiopentone. She was started on multiple immunosuppressive therapies. Multiple antiepileptics were used including phenytoin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, sodium valproate, clobazam, phenobarbital, and lacosamide. The outcome was unusual in terms of refractoriness to immunotherapy treatment despite a confirmed diagnosis. We did a literature review of all cases with HE presenting with SE with their clinical characteristics and outcome.

Avoidance of Laryngeal Injuries during Gastric Intubation.

Gastric intubation is a common and simple procedure that is often performed on patients who are sedated or anaesthetised. If the gastric tube (GT) is inserted blindly while the patient is unconscious, this procedure may result in easily preventable complications such as laryngeal trauma. We present an interesting case where the blind placement of a orogastric tube (OGT) in an anesthetised 52-year-old female patient at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Oman resulted in significant arytenoid trauma. This led to delayed tracheal extubation. The movement of the GT from the oropharyngeal area to the upper oesophageal sphincter can be visualised and controlled with the use of Magill forceps and a laryngoscope. Therefore, this report highlights the need for GT insertion procedures to be performed under direct vision in patients who are unconscious (due to sedation, anaesthesia or an inherent condition) in order to prevent trauma to the laryngeal structures.

Adult Sickle Cell Disease: A Five-year Experience of Intensive Care Management in a University Hospital in Oman.

OBJECTIVES: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited disease caused by an abnormal type of haemoglobin. It is one of the most common genetic blood disorders in the Gulf area, including Oman. It may be associated with complications requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. This study investigated the causes of ICU admission for SCD patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of all adult patients ≥12 years old with SCD admitted to Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) ICU between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2009. RESULTS: A total number of 49 sickle cell patients were admitted 56 times to ICU. The reasons for admission were acute chest syndrome (69.6%), painful crises (16.1%), multi-organ failure (7.1%) and others (7.2%). The mortality for SCD patients in our ICU was 16.1%. The haemoglobin (Hb) and Hb S levels at time of ICU admission were studied as predictors of mortality and neither showed statistical significance by Student's t-test. The odds ratio, with 95% confidence intervals, was used to study other six organ supportive measures as predictors of mortality. The need for inotropic support and mechanical ventilation was a good predictor of mortality. While the need for non-invasive ventilation, haemofiltration, blood transfusions and exchange transfusions were not significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION: Acute chest syndrome is the main cause of ICU admission in SCD patient. Unlike other supportive measures, the use of inotropic support and/or mechanical ventilation is an indicator of high mortality rate SCD patient.

Timely 'off-label' use of recombinant activated factor VII (NovoSeven(®)) can help in avoiding hysterectomy in intractable obstetric bleeding complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation: A case report and review of the literature.

Massive intra-operative bleeding is not an infrequent occurrence in obstetrics. Worldwide obstetric bleeding remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Conventional management of this bleeding consists of resuscitation with fluids, blood, surgical maneuvers, and embolisation of feeding blood vessels. But in most of cases, these measures appear to be ineffective in controlling bleeding. Recently, the 'off-label' use of the recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) concentrate has emerged as promising treatment for such bleeding when conventional measures fail. We came across a similar scenario in which a young lady was admitted with per-vaginal bleeding due to abruptio placentae. In spite of usual surgical and medical interventions, she continued to bleed. rFVIIa was administered as a desperate measure to avoid hysterectomy and the bleeding could be stopped. She recovered successfully without any complication. Thus, the timely use of rFVIIa, hence, can be used to save life and fertility in cases of intractable obstetric bleeding.

Development of acute ischemic stroke in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) resulting from H1N1 pneumonia.

Pneumonia due to H1N1 infection is now very common. We report a case of ischemic stroke which arose subsequently to H1N1 influenza. The patient was a female who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after H1N1 influenza, was ventilated as per standard protocol and started treatment with oseltamivir. When sedation was stopped during weaning from the ventilator, she was found to have left hemiparesis resulting from multiple infarctions in the brain. Contrary to thrombocytosis usually seen in acute influenza, the platelet counts in our patient actually dropped. We suspected that increased interleukin release or stickiness of the platelets might have caused this ischemic stroke. In the course of time, she had acceptable neurological recovery following treatment with aspirin and neuro-rehabilitation. This case report provides evidence that a rare, debilitating complication like stroke can occur in H1N1 infection. A high index of suspicion of the probability of a cerebrovascular event should be borne in mind and regular neurological assessment should be done in such cases.

Safe removal of epidural catheter--a dilemma, in patients who are started on dual anti platelet therapy postoperatively for acute coronary syndrome--a case report.

Epidural catheter insertion or removal in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy for acute coronary syndrome poses a high risk for epidural hematoma. Though practice guidelines suggest stopping clopidogrel for at least 7 days before such intervention. Withholding anti-platelet drugs for such a long duration represents a great risk to these patients. We present a case of a 53 year old male patient who underwent an exploratory laparotomy. He had an epidural catheter inserted for analgesia. He developed acute myocardial infarction on the first postoperative day, which was treated with dual antiplatelet therapy and percutaneous coronary angioplasty. The removal of epidural catheter in this patient required a clinical decision, balancing the risk of epidural hematoma with continuation of antiplatelet therapy against the risk of coronary re-thrombosis with discontinuation of the medication. We followed a strategy that combined a short duration of discontinuation of therapy, assessment of platelet functions by laboratory test, transfusion of platelets and removal of catheter, followed by restart of anticoagulation, which proved safe for the patient.

Sudden near-fatal tracheal aspiration of an undiagnosed nasal foreign body in a small child.

Foreign body aspiration is a commonly encountered emergency in children. Foreign body can lodge in any site from supra-glottis to the terminal bronchioles. Symptoms might range from none to respiratory compromise, cardiac arrest and even death depending on location and size. We report successful management of a child who aspirated a nasal foreign body during physical examination in an outpatient department causing complete airway obstruction with special mention about different management options available for managing near total respiratory arrest from an aspirated foreign body in the ED.

Complications of Central Venous Catheterisation: Breakage of guidewire-a disaster averted.

Central venous catheterisation (CVC) is a common bedside invasive procedure done in medical practice. Even though it is a safe procedure when done with ultrasound guidance, difficulties and complications do occur even in experienced hands. Here, we describe the difficulties encountered in the form of the breakage of the guidewire while inserting a CVC in a patient with sickle cell disease.