Report on a study of fires with smoke gas development : determination of blood cyanide levels, clinical signs and laboratory values in victims.

BACKGROUND: This is a report on an international non-interventional study of patients exposed to fires with smoke development in closed rooms. The objective of the study was to document clinical symptoms, relevant laboratory values and blood cyanide concentrations from fire victims in order to confirm or rule out presumptive correlations between the individual parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in five European countries with patients being included if they presented with the characteristic clinical signs, such as soot deposits and altered neurological status. Venous blood samples were taken from victims prior to administration of an antidote in all cases and determination of cyanide concentration was performed in a central laboratory using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Data from 102 patients (62 % male, average age 49 years) were included in the evaluation with no blood samples being available for analysis from 2 patients. In 25 patients the blood cyanide concentration was below the limit of detection of 1.2 µmol/l. Cyanide levels between 1.2 and 10 µmol/l were measured in 54 patients, 7 patients had values between 10 and 20 µmol/l, 4 patients between 20 and 40 µmol/l while levels above 40 µmol/l were determined in 10 patients. The results of the study could not demonstrate that the cyanide level was influenced either by the interval between smoke exposure and blood sampling or the duration presence at the fire scene. The following clinical signs or laboratory values were recorded as relevant for increased and possibly toxic cyanide levels: respiratory arrest, dyspnea, resuscitation requirement, tracheal intubation, respiratory support measures, low Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score and respiratory frequency. A correlation between cyanide concentration and the total amount of soot deposits on the face and neck, in the oral cavity and in expectoration was confirmed. A correlation between cyanide and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in the blood of fire victims was also confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: As long as it is not possible to immediately determine the blood cyanide concentration in patients exposed to fire with smoke development, a decreased GCS score, soot deposits particularly in expectoration, dyspnea and convulsions are to be regarded as risk markers for intoxication. In their presence immediate administration of hydroxocobalamin as an antidote is recommended.

Tratamiento de la intoxicación digitálica. Bases para el uso de los anticuerpos antidigital / Digitalis poisoning: the basis for treatment with antidigoxin antibodies

La intoxicación digitálica, sobre todo asociada a un tratamiento crónico con este fármaco, es un motivo recurrente de consulta a los servicios de urgencias españoles. La intoxicación aguda es excepcional y podría presentarse tanto en una tentativa de suicidio como por la ingesta de plantas presentes en nuestro medio y que contienen glucósidos digitálicos. La insuficiencia renal, al modificar la cinética de la digoxina, es un importante factor precipitante de reacciones adversas y graves a este medicamento. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas, y predominan las digestivas (náuseas, vómitos, diarreas, dolor abdominal) y circulatorios (inestabilidad, mareos, síncope, lipotimia). Las bradiarritmias (fibrilación auricular lenta, bloqueos de conducción) son frecuentes y pueden acabar en asistolia. Las taquiarritmias podrían conducir a la fibrilación ventricular. En las intoxicaciones agudas, la hiperpotasemia es un factor de riesgo de parada cardiaca. La concentración plasmática de digoxina permite evaluar la gravedad de una intoxicación, siempre y cuando se haya alcanzado el equilibrio de distribución entre las concentraciones plasmáticas y tisulares. El tratamiento de la intoxicación aguda precisa la administración de carbón activado en las primeras horas tras la ingesta. En las intoxicaciones agudas o por tratamiento crónico, es necesaria la monitorización electrocardiográfica continua y normalizar, en caso necesario, las concentraciones de potasio y magnesio. Las bradiarritmias se tratan con atropina como fármaco de primera elección y las arritmias ventriculares con fenitoína o lidocaína. Las situaciones de riesgo vital requieren eluso de anticuerpos antidigital, y se recomienda la disponibilidad de este antídoto en loshospitales considerados de referencia o alta tecnología, el cual deberá dosificarse en función de la carga corporal total de digoxina (AU)

Digitalis poisoning, particularly in persons under long-term digoxin therapy, is a reason for repeated visits to Spanish emergency departments. Acute poisoning is rare but may occur as a result of attempted suicide or the intake of plants that contain cardiac glycosides. Kidney failure modifies digoxin pharmacokinetics and is an important trigger for severe adverse reactions to the drug. Clinical manifestations are nonspecific but usually include gastrointestinal events (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain) along with circulatory effects (hemodynamic instability, dizziness or lightheadedness, and syncope). Bradycardia (slow atrial fibrillation, conduction blocks) is common and may cause systole. Tachyarrhythmias may lead to ventricular fibrillation. In acute digitalis poisoning, hyperkalemia is a risk factor for cardiac arrest. The digoxin plasma concentration can indicate the severity of the poisoning, provided the tissue-to plasma ratio is at steady state. To treat acute poisoning, administer activated charcoal within the first few hours after digitalis intake. In such cases, or in poisoning during long-term digoxin therapy, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is essential and potassium and magnesium concentrations should be brought within the normal range. The first-line treatment for bradycardia is atropine. Ventricular arrhythmias are treated with phenytoin or lidocaine. In life threatening situations, antidigox in antibodies must be used. They should be available in all referral or high-level tertiary care facilities and are administered according to the total digoxin body load (AU)

Effect of irradiation dose, storage time and temperature on the ESR signal in irradiated oat, corn and wheat.

Results obtained for electron-irradiated oat, corn and wheat kernels are discussed. The applied irradiation doses were up to 160 kGy. For doses up to approx. 50 kGy the number of free radicals produced by the irradiation is linear with the absorbed dose; moreover, the decay at room temperature in the dark or in the presence of light is quite similar. These facts point to the possible use of these kernels as dosimeters. An analysis of the free radical decay as a function of time and temperature shows the contribution of at least three types of radicals, whose half-lifes, radiochemical yields and activation energies are given.