Issues in drug delivery: concepts and practice.

Understanding the transport and deposition of inhaled aerosols is of fundamental importance to inhalation therapy. Herein we address issues that affect drug delivery from experimental and theoretical perspectives. Accordingly, we shall limit our comments to a focused review of laboratory work (ie, an in vitro perspective) and the development of a computer-based 3-dimensional (3D) oral morphology with related computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and particle deposition studies (ie, an "in silico" perspective). To describe the oral region, morphometric data from the literature were employed. With Maya Unlimited, a third-party animation software package, coronal images were used to create initial spline curves, which served as the foundation of a nonuniform rational B-spline surface, representing a 3D morphology. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first medical application of Maya Unlimited. We have demonstrated that the code can be employed to construct 3D biological structures and perform 3D CFD simulations of aerosols from dry powder inhalers and metered-dose inhalers. A study was also conducted using Fluent, a commercially available software package that has been used extensively in our laboratory for 3D CFD computations. The Maya Unlimited software can generate physiologically realistic oral structures; it has great potential for use in the medical arena, because it requires neither advance technical training nor substantial peripheral ( eg, hardware) support, it allows for the introduction of medical devices ( eg, dry powder inhalers) into simulations, and it predicts 3D CFDpatterns consistent with experimental observations and results of more rigorous software ( Fluent). In the in vitro perspective we considered numerous salient topics, including the performances of dry powder inhalers and metered-dose inhalers, their respective operating characteristics, and relevance to in vivo data. We advocate that 3D CFD software be employed in a complementary manner, in real time, with aerosol therapy protocols in the medical arena, to promote the targeted delivery of inhaled drugs and thereby enhance their efficacies.

Computer reconstruction of a human lung boundary model from magnetic resonance images.

A mathematical description of the morphology of the lung is necessary for modeling and analyzing the deposition of inhaled aerosols A model of the lung boundary was generated from magnetic resonance images, with the goal of creating a framework for anatomically realistic morphological models of the human airway network. We used data visualization and analysis software to reconstruct the lung volume from a series of transverse magnetic resonance images collected at many vertical locations in the lung, ranging from apex to base. The lung model was then built using isosurface extraction techniques. These modeling methods may facilitate the creation of customized morphological models for individual subjects, resulting in improved interpretation of aerosol distribution data from single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT). Such customized models could be developed for children and for patients with respiratory diseases, thus aiding in the study of inhaled medications and environmental aerosols in these populations.