A Novel Fusion of Radiomics and Semantic Features: MRI-Based Machine Learning in Distinguishing Pituitary Cystic Adenomas from Rathke's Cleft Cysts.

Objectives: To evaluate the performances of machine learning using semantic and radiomic features from magnetic resonance imaging data to distinguish cystic pituitary adenomas (CPA) from Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs). Materials and Methods: The study involved 65 patients diagnosed with either CPA or RCCs. Multiple observers independently assessed the semantic features of the tumors on the magnetic resonance images. Radiomics features were extracted from T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and T1-contrast-enhanced images. Machine learning models, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Light Gradient Boosting (LGB), were then trained and validated using semantic features only and a combination of semantic and radiomic features. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the performance of these various models. Results: Machine learning models that combined semantic and radiomic features achieved higher levels of accuracy than models with semantic features only. Models with combined semantic and T2-weighted radiomics features achieved the highest test accuracies (93.8%, 92.3%, and 90.8% for LR, SVM, and LGB, respectively). The SVM model combined semantic features with T2-weighted radiomics features had statistically significantly better performance than semantic features only (p = 0.019). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the significant potential of machine learning for differentiating CPA from RCCs.

Aggressive osteoblastoma of the cervical spine and resultant complication due to swollen oxidized regenerated cellulose: A case report.

Background: Osteoblastomas, although rare, are benign primary bone tumors, with cervical spine involvement being exceptionally uncommon. Late diagnosis, especially in aggressive cases, can lead to surgical challenges. Oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) used for hemostasis may result in complications if left in the surgical field. Case Description: An 8-year-old female presented with six months of intractable neck pain accompanied by swelling, hindering proximal right upper extremity evaluation. Motor strength was intact distally, with normal reflexes and no hypoesthesia. Imaging revealed a C4-5 facet joint lesion necessitating surgery. Intraoperative hemorrhage prompted ORC application, which led to postoperative arm pain and C5-6 radiculopathy. Subsequent surgery alleviated these symptoms. Conclusion: Osteoblastomas, despite their benign classification, may exhibit aggressive characteristics, warranting en-bloc resection. Cervical spine osteoblastomas, due to their vascular nature and proximity to vital structures, complicate surgical interventions. ORC, a commonly used hemostatic agent, may induce compression complications, and early intervention is critical for patient recovery. This case underscores the intricacies of managing aggressive osteoblastomas in the cervical spine and highlights potential ORC-related complications. Surgeons must exercise caution when using ORC and consider postoperative risks. Prompt intervention and meticulous planning are paramount for favorable outcomes in such cases.

The protective role of vitamins C and E in steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis: An experimental study in rats.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine whether vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) can effectively protect the femoral head and reduce the risk of developing osteonecrosis in rats that have been treated with steroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 30 young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (mean weight: 356±18 g; range, 330 to 375 g), which were randomly assigned to one of five groups. The control group received saline solution, while the other groups were given lipopolysaccharide/methylprednisolone (LPS/MPS) to induce osteonecrosis. Three groups in which osteonecrosis was induced were also intraperitoneally administered either VC, VE, or both once a day for four weeks. Intracardiac blood samples were taken at the end of the fourth week for biochemical examination, and the rats were then sacrificed under general anesthesia. After sacrification, right femurs were removed for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and radiologic examinations. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean trabecular number increased significantly in the VC+VE group. There was a substantial decrease observed in the mean trabecular separation within the LPS/MPS group compared to the control group, although trabecular separation decreased in all three vitamin groups compared to the LPS/MPS group. The surface area/bone volume was significantly increased in the VC+VE group compared to the LPS/MPS group. Histological, immunohistochemical, and radiological examinations showed that the administration of VC and VE significantly reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and microvascular dysfunction in rats with steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that VC, VE, and particularly VC+VE have a protective effect on the femoral head in rats with steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis. These findings may lead to new treatment options for patients.

A reference center study in thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: clinicopathological, therapeutic and long-term follow-up outcomes.

PURPOSE: This study aims to analyze the clinicopathological features, diagnostic steps, and therapeutic results of TSHomas and to reveal the effective factors on remission. METHODS: The clinical, radiological, and pathological features and surgical and endocrinological results of 41 TSHoma cases followed between 2005 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The factors affecting the surgical cure were investigated by comparing the groups with and without remission. RESULTS: A total of 41 patients (23 male,18 female) were included in the study and the mean age was 42 (31.5-49). Palpitation and headache were the most common complaints. The time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 8 (3-20) months. There were 8 patients with a preoperative clinical and biochemical diagnosis of TSH + GH co-secretion. In the TRH stimulation test, a blunted TSH response was obtained in 18 patients (90.0%). Complete suppression could not be obtained in any of the patients who underwent the T3 suppression test. The median maximum tumor diameter was 19.0 mm (6.8-41). There was microadenoma in 4 (9.8%) patients and macroadenoma in 37 patients (92.8%). Remission was achieved in 31 (75.6%) of 40 patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (eTSS). The Ki-67 labeling index was 2% (1.00-4.00) in the entire patient group. Preoperative use of antithyroid drugs appears to be significantly associated with surgical cure. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of TSHoma is still full of challenges and dynamic tests remain important. Recognition and good management of inappropriate TSH secretion states affect subsequent surgical outcomes.

A Significant Association between Parathyroid Adenoma Volume and Bone Mineral Loss at Distal Forearm.

INTRODUCTION: The cortical bone is the most severely affected site in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and thus, a low bone mineral density (BMD) is predominantly observed in distal forearm. Several studies have investigated potential associations between the weight of the gland and bone mineral loss. In this study, we wanted to investigate the relationship between parathyroid adenoma (PTA) volume and bone mineral loss. METHODS: All patients with a diagnosis of PHPT who were operated at our hospital, and with a histologically proven single PTA were retrospectively analyzed. Z-scores were used as the main variable in our analysis to eliminate the effects of age, sex and gonadal status on BMD. RESULTS: Total of 153 patients who met the inclusion criteria were eligible for the study. A significant negative correlation between the PTA volume and z-score for distal third of the radius (DR) (p = 0.006, r = -0.297) was shown. The cut-off value of gland volume for predicting cortical bone mineral loss was 9043.2 mm3. There was also a significant negative correlation between the 24-hour urine calcium and z-scores for lumbar vertebrae and total hip. A significant negative correlation was found between preoperative 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and the PTA weight. CONCLUSIONS: As the first study that evaluated any possible association between the volume of a parathyroid adenoma and bone mineral loss in patients with PHPT, we found a significant negative correlation between DR z-scores and resected gland volume. Since the volume of a PTA can also be determined by a preoperative US, our findings may be helpful during the preoperative evaluation of a patient with a preliminary diagnosis of PHPT.

Monophasic pericardial synovial sarcoma in a turkish female patient: a very rare case with cyto-histopathological findings.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to present a 35-year-old female patient with diagnosis of monophasic primary pericardial synovial sarcoma (PSS) with cytopathological findings. CASE PRESENTATION: The case with back pain, palpitation and weakness, was diagnosed with pericardial effusion and suspicious mass adjacent to right heart in ultrasonography. Computerized tomography showed mass 12 × 11 × 6.5 cm in size, located in right mid-anterior pericardial area, with heterogeneous internal structure, heterogeneously contrasting right heart and prominent pressure on superior vena cava. Cytopathology of pericardial effusion showed monotonous cells with oval-spindle vesicular nuclei, less amphophilic cytoplasm, evenly distributed chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. The pericardial mass was resected incompletely, spindle cell mesenchymal tumor with hypercellular fascicular structure and with infiltrative margins, containing a small amount of loose myxoid stroma, occasionally necrotic areas was observed histopathologically. Immunohistochemical positive reaction was for vimentin, Bcl-2, TLE-1. Accordingly, the case was diagnosed with monophasic PSS. CONCLUSIONS: This case of monophasic primary PSS was an extremely rare malignancy diagnosed with the cytopathological findings.

The Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach for Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas: Single-Center Experience and Clinical Outcomes of 49 Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze surgical outcomes and tumor characteristics of 49 patients with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma, a rare functional pituitary adenoma subtype with challenging surgery, who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. METHODS: In this single-center study, clinical, radiological, surgical, and endocrinological data of 49 patients diagnosed with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 21.12 mm (6 microadenomas, 41 macroadenomas, 2 giant adenomas). Cavernous sinus invasion was present in 12 (24.48%) patients. Tumor consistency was firm in 23 (46.93%) patients. Plurihormonal secretion characteristics were present in 9 patients (5 growth hormone + thyrotropin and 4 growth hormone + prolactin + thyrotropin). Mean follow-up duration was 51.73 months. Of the cases with firm tumors, 14 patients had a history of antithyroid drug use; there was no statistically significant correlation between the antithyroid medication and the firmness of the tumor. Gross total resection was achieved in 32 (65.30%) cases, near-total resection was achieved in 14 (28.57%) cases, and subtotal resection was achieved in 3 (6.12%) cases. The analysis showed that the negative effect of >2 cm tumor size and cavernous sinus invasion on resection rate was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Although early remission was achieved in 33 (67.34%) patients, 44 (89.79%) patients were in euthyroid state at >3 months' follow-up. Complications were 4 new-onset pituitary deficiencies, 3 cases of permanent diabetes insipidus, 1 thyrotoxic crisis, and 1 cerebrospinal fluid leak. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is the first-line treatment in thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma and should be performed in a tertiary center. Gross total resection is the goal, and early diagnosis is essential for surgical success.

Xanthomatous Hypophysitis Secondary to a Ruptured Rathke's Cleft Cyst: A Case Report.

Hypophysitis (HP) is a rare disease which develops secondary to chronic or acute inflammation of the pituitary gland and may cause symptoms related to pituitary dysfunction and mass compression. Lymphocytic HP is the most common subtype of primary HP, while xanthomatous HP (XHP) is considered the rarest form, with 35 reported cases, to date. A 35-year-old woman was initially admitted to a Gynecology clinic with a 2-year history of amenorrhea and headache. She was started on cabergoline 0.5 mg twice a week for macroprolactinoma. Due to persistent amenorrhea with low gonadotropins, she was referred to our Endocrinology clinic. Her pituitary function profile revealed panhypopituitarism and a 13×11×12 mm sized sellar mass with diffuse enhancement which sustained toward the infundibulum and dura was observed on the gadolinium-enhanced pituitary MRI. The patient underwent an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for tumor resection and thick yellowish fluid draining from the lesion was observed. The histopathological diagnosis was reported as a rupture of an Rathke's cleft cyst and an XHP. The surgery did not improve the symptoms/pituitary functions, however, headache recovered immediately after the first dose of high dose methylprednisolone treatment. The inflammatory process in a xanthomatous lesion may actually be a secondary response to mucous fluid content release from a ruptured cyst, thus recommended to classify XHP as secondary hypophysitis. Since the differentiation of XHP from other pituitary tumors may be challenging preoperatively, surgery is the major diagnostic tool and also, the most recommended therapeutic option.

Incidental Uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Duodenum.

ABSTRACT: A 56-year-old man underwent 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT with suspicion of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. However, in this imaging, a mass with 68Ga-DOTATATE uptake was observed not in pancreas but in the duodenojejunal junction. Abdominal tomography confirmed that the heterogeneously enhanced mass was originated from duodenum. The patient was operated, and the histopathology result was evaluated as low-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Although there was low or no specific binding to gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells for all 68Ga-labeled DOTA peptides, uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE was observed incidentally in this case.

Clinical experience and treatment approaches in sinonasal osteomas from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: Osteomas are slow-growing benign osseous tumors that particularly located in the paranasal sinuses (PS). Here, we aimed to define the clinical symptoms and features, diagnostic conditions caused by osteomas located in four different PSs, to evaluate the surgical indications and methods, to compare the factors that can affect the surgical decision, radiological findings, and prognosis. METHODS: The data of patients with paranasal sinus lesions and diagnosed as osteoma according to the radiological imaging, who applied to our clinic between 2010 and 2020, were retrospectively collected and re-evaluated in the light of clinical, radiological, and pathological data. Patients who underwent surgical treatments and were definitively diagnosed as osteoma by pathology were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: We presented the data of 117 patients retrospectively. Most of these cases (n = 77, 65.8%) had an osteoma located in the frontal sinus, while 32 cases (27.4%) had osteoma in the ethmoid, two cases (1.7%) had in sphenoid and six cases (5.1%) had in maxillary sinus. We found that the presence of symptoms, diameter of osteoma, surgical indications including state of sinus drainage, and chronic/recurrent sinusitis influence the choices of physicians in management of frontal sinus osteomas. Moreover, we found a significant correlation between the grading systems defined to classify the frontal sinus osteoma to be operated (r = 0.878, 95% CI: 0.724-0.949, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: There are several grading systems useful for the choice of surgical approaches, however, the clinical symptoms and surgical indications should not be neglected in the follow-up of patients with frontal sinus osteoma. If there are concerns about the grade of osteoma and the endoscopic approach is considered not to be sufficient for resection, the surgical procedure may be initiated endoscopically, and, if necessary, it can be combined with an external approach.

Xanthomatous Hypophysitis Secondary to a Ruptured Rathke’s Cleft Cyst: A Case Report

Hypophysitis (HP) is a rare disease which develops secondary to chronic or acute inflammation of the pituitary gland and may cause symptoms related to pituitary dysfunction and mass compression. Lymphocytic HP is the most common subtype of primary HP, while xanthomatous HP (XHP) is considered the rarest form, with 35 reported cases, to date. A 35-year-old woman was initially admitted to a Gynecology clinic with a 2-year history of amenorrhea and headache. She was started on cabergoline 0.5 mg twice a week for macroprolactinoma. Due to persistent amenorrhea with low gonadotropins, she was referred to our Endocrinology clinic. Her pituitary function profile revealed panhypopituitarism and a 13×11×12 mm sized sellar mass with diffuse enhancement which sustained toward the infundibulum and dura was observed on the gadolinium-enhanced pituitary MRI. The patient underwent an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for tumor resection and thick yellowish fluid draining from the lesion was observed. The histopathological diagnosis was reported as a rupture of an Rathke’s cleft cyst and an XHP. The surgery did not improve the symptoms/pituitary functions, however, headache recovered immediately after the first dose of high dose methylprednisolone treatment. The inflammatory process in a xanthomatous lesion may actually be a secondary response to mucous fluid content release from a ruptured cyst, thus recommended to classify XHP as secondary hypophysitis. Since the differentiation of XHP from other pituitary tumors may be challenging preoperatively, surgery is the major diagnostic tool and also, the most recommended therapeutic option.

An Incidental Chorda Tympani Schwannoma Identified During Middle Ear Surgery.

Chorda tympani schwannomas are rare benign tumors of the middle ear cleft. This is a case of incidental chorda tympani schwannoma identified intraoperatively. The patient was a 50-year-old male with chronic active otitis media complicated by left-sided facial paralysis. During closed mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty approach, a well-demarcated swelling on the left chorda tympani nerve was identified and sectioned for pathologic evaluation. The histopathologic evaluation established the diagnosis of schwannoma. Although the tumor was unlikely the cause of the disease process in this patient, his facial paralysis and middle ear disease were resolved after surgery.

Metastatic and synchronous ovarian involvement in low-risk endometrial cancer; clinicopathological analysis with detection of DNA mismatch repair deficiency.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate ovarian involvement in low-risk endometrial cancer, the associated risk factors, and impact on overall survival. We attempted to explore the differences in mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency between metastatic and synchronous ovarian tumoral involvement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with low-risk endometrial cancer who were treated at a tertiary center between January 2006 and December 2019. The primary outcome measures were the incidence and risk factors associated with metastatic and synchronous tumoral involvement of the ovary. Overall, survival data were also analyzed. Metastatic and synchronous tumors were compared with each other in terms of MMR deficiency with IHC staining. RESULTS: From a total of 360 low-risk endometrial cancer patients, 10 (2.8%) had ovarian metastasis and 12 (3.3%) had synchronous ovarian involvement. The median age of patients with metastasis was significantly lower than that of patients without ovarian involvement (49 vs 57 years, p = 0.004). Most patients in the metastatic group were in the < 50 age group (p < 0.001) and premenopausal period (p = 0.001). As a result of IHC staining performed on patients with ovarian involvement, MMR deficiency was found in six (60%) patients in the metastatic group and six (50%) patients in the synchronous group. No significant difference was found in overall survival between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Younger age and premenopausal status were risk factors associated with ovarian metastasis. Overall survival did not show differences between all groups, and MMR deficiency was similar between metastatic and synchronous groups.

Diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration cytology and core biopsy histopathology with or without immunohistochemical staining in the subtyping of the non-small cell lung carcinomas: Experience from an academic centre in Turkey.

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective morphological study compared the results of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, haematoxylin-eosin (HE)-stained samples and immunohistochemical (IHC)-stained core needle biopsy (CNB) histology samples for primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtyping. We assessed the diagnostic utility of these methods to investigate the contribution of each method to NSCLC subtyping. We also identified the point at which NSCLC subtyping could be performed using histomorphology alone without IHC. METHODOLOGY: Concurrent FNA and CNB specimens obtained via a single computed tomography-guided procedure and diagnosed as NSCLC in the Pathology Department of our university within 3 years were reviewed. The results of FNA samples, HE-stained biopsies and IHC-stained biopsies were compared according to subtype. RESULTS: A total of 141 subjects were enrolled in the study. For subtyping, FNA provided an accurate diagnosis in 70 (55.1%) of 127 eligible subjects after the exclusion of 14 cases determined as not otherwise specified. CNB histology without IHC achieved a diagnosis in 53 (41.7%) of 127 subjects, which was a significant difference (P < .05). The compatibility rate between HE-stained biopsy samples and IHC-stained biopsy samples was 41.7% (53/127). CONCLUSION: The diagnosis rates achieved using FNA, HE-stained CNB samples and IHC-stained CNB samples were 54.6% (77/141), 37.6% (53/141) and 90.1% (127/141), respectively. The subtype was identified in 55.1% of the subjects evaluated using FNA and 41.7% of subjects assessed using HE-stained biopsy samples without IHC. FNA provided a better result for squamous cell carcinoma than adenocarcinoma (55.1% vs 47.6%), but the diagnosing of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma using HE-stained biopsy samples was similar (42% vs 41.7%).

Composite sponges from sheep decellularized small intestinal submucosa for treatment of diabetic wounds.

Despite the fast development of technology in the world, diabetic foot wounds cause deaths and massive economical losses. Diabetes comes first among the reasons of non traumatic foot amputations. To reduce the healing time of these fast progressing wounds, effective wound dressings are in high demand. In our study, sheep small intestinal submucosa (SIS) based biocompatible sponges were prepared after SIS decellularization and their wound healing potential was investigated on full thickness skin defects in a diabetic rat model. The decellularized SIS membranes had no cytotoxic effects on human fibroblasts and supported capillary formation by HUVECs in a fibroblast-HUVEC co-culture. Glutaraldehyde crosslinked sponges of three different compositions were prepared to test in a diabetic rat model: gelatin (GS), gelatin: hyaluronic acid (GS:HA) and gelatin: hyaluronic acid: SIS (GS:HA:SIS). The GS:HA:SIS sponges underwent a 24.8 ± 5.4% weight loss in a 7-day in vitro erosion test. All sponges had a similar Young's modulus under compression but GS:HA:SIS had the highest (5.00 ± 0.04 kPa). Statistical analyses of histopathological results of a 12-day in vivo experiment revealed no significant difference among the control, GS, GS:HA, and GS:HA:SIS transplanted groups in terms of granulation tissue thickness, collagen deposition, capillary vessel formation, and foreign body reaction (P > 0.05). On the other hand, in the GS:HA:SIS transplanted group 80% of the animals had a complete epidermal regeneration and this was significantly different than the control group (30%, P < 0.05). Preclinical studies revealed that the ECM of sheep small intestinal submucosa can be used as an effective biomaterial in diabetic wound healing.

First Report of Pai Syndrome With Upper Alveolar Cavernous Hemangioma: Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment.

ABSTRACT: This case describes the surgical methodology and the procedure for follow-up in a patient who had midline cleft of the upper lip, mid-alveolar cleft, double frenulum, and alveolar mass. Our patient is the first who meets the criteria for Pai syndrome with cavernous hemangioma and is also the fourth case with concomitant double frenulum.

High risk of malignancy in cases with atypia of undetermined significance on fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules even after exclusion of NIFTP.

BACKGROUND: Fine needle aspiration cytopathology (FNAC) is the most reliable tool for evaluating thyroid nodules. However, diagnosing Bethesda category III, atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), is a major limitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of malignancy (RoM) in AUS/FLUS nodules. A systematic review was also carried out analyzing the largest series. METHODS: Totally 1750 cases (9%) diagnosed with AUS/FLUS were evaluated retrospectively out of 19 392 cases within last 13 years. All patients undergoing surgery for AUS/FLUS were included into the study. Histopathology results were correlated; the impact of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) diagnosis on RoM is evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 280 patients (16%) undergoing surgery, neoplasia were detected in 177 (RoN:63.2%) and malignancy in 119 (RoM:42.5%) of these neoplasia. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) was the commonest malignancy (55.5%). Additional 58 (20.7%) nodules were neoplastic, of which 26 (9.3%) were encapsulated follicular tumors with unknown malignancy potential (FT-UMP) and 32 (11.4%) were follicular adenomas. The remaining 103 patients (36.8%) had non-neoplastic nodules. After reevaluation of the encapsulated FVPTC cases, 20 of them were NIFTP and RoM dropped to 35.4% with a relative decrease of 16.7% and an absolute decrease of 7.1%. CONCLUSION: In our series, 42.5% of nodules with AUS/FLUS were malignant; 63.2% of them were neoplastic. The RoM and RoN for AUS/FLUS nodules are still much higher than the revised expected RoM of international guidelines even after NIFTP cases excluded. Therefore, current recommendations should be reevaluated periodically in view of detailed clinicopathologic studies.