Crystalline-like ordering of 8CB liquid crystals revealed by time-domain Brillouin scattering.

We demonstrate that time-domain Brillouin scattering (TDBS), a technique based on an ultrafast pump-probe approach, is sensitive to phase transitions and apply it to the study of structural changes in 8CB liquid crystals at different temperatures across the isotropic, nematic, smectic, and crystalline phases. We investigate the viscoelastic properties of 8CB squeezed in a narrow gap, from the nanometer to submicrometer thickness range, and conclude on the long-range molecular structuring of the smectic phase. These TDBS results reveal that confinement effects favor structuring of the smectic phase into a crystallinelike phase that can be observed at wide distances far beyond the molecular dimensions.

Time-domain Brillouin scattering for the determination of laser-induced temperature gradients in liquids.

We present an optical technique based on ultrafast photoacoustics to determine the local temperature distribution profile in liquid samples in contact with a laser heated optical transducer. This ultrafast pump-probe experiment uses time-domain Brillouin scattering (TDBS) to locally determine the light scattering frequency shift. As the temperature influences the Brillouin scattering frequency, the TDBS signal probes the local laser-induced temperature distribution in the liquid. We demonstrate the relevance and the sensitivity of this technique for the measurement of the absolute laser-induced temperature gradient of a glass forming liquid prototype, glycerol, at different laser pump powers-i.e., different steady state background temperatures. Complementarily, our experiments illustrate how this TDBS technique can be applied to measure thermal diffusion in complex multilayer systems in contact with a surrounding liquid.

Experimental evidence of ultrathin polymer film stratification by AFM force spectroscopy.

By performing Atomic Force Microscopy measurements of pull-off force as a function of the temperature, we were able to probe the dynamic of supported thin polystyrene (PS) films. Thermal transitions induce modifications in the surface energy, roughness and surface modulus that are clearly detected by AFM and related to PS chain relaxation mechanisms. We demonstrated the existence of three transition temperatures that can be associated to the relaxation of polymer chains located at different depth regions within the polymer film. Independently of the film thickness, we have confirmed the presence of a region of high mobility for the polymer chains at the free interface. The thickness of this region is estimated to be above 7nm. The detection of a transition only present for film thicker than the gyration radius Rg is linked to the dynamics of polymer chains in a bulk conformation (i.e. not in contact with the free interface). We claim here that our results demonstrate, in agreement with other techniques, the stratification of thin polymer film depth profile in terms of relaxation behavior.

Discotic columnar liquid crystal studied in the bulk and nanoconfined states by molecular dynamics simulation.

A prototypical Gay Berne discotic liquid crystal was studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations both in the bulk state and under confinement in a nanoporous channel. The phase behavior of the confined system strongly differs from its bulk counterpart: the bulk isotropic-to-columnar transition is replaced by a continuous ordering from a paranematic to a columnar phase. Moreover, a new transition is observed at a lower temperature in the confined state, which corresponds to a reorganization of the intercolumnar order. It reflects the competing effects of pore surface interaction and genuine hexagonal packing of the columns. The translational molecular dynamics in the different phases has been thoroughly studied and discussed in terms of collective relaxation modes, non-Gaussian behavior, and hopping processes.

Structural heterogeneities at the origin of acoustic and transport anomalies in glycerol glass-former.

By means of large scale molecular dynamics simulations, we explore mesoscopic properties of prototypical glycerol glass-former above and below the glass transition. The model used, in excellent agreement with various experimental techniques, permits to carefully study the structure and the vibrational dynamics. We find that a medium range order is present in glycerol glass-former and arises from hydrogen bond network extension. The characteristic size of the structural heterogeneities is related to the anomalous properties of acoustic vibrations (Rayleigh scattering, "mode softening," and Boson Peak) in the glassy state. Finally the characteristic size of these heterogeneities, nearly constant in temperature, is also connected to the cross-over between structural relaxation and diffusion in liquid glycerol.

Component dynamics in polyvinylpyrrolidone concentrated aqueous solutions.

(2)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and neutron scattering (NS) on isotopically labelled samples have been combined to investigate the structure and dynamics of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) aqueous solutions (4 water molecules/monomeric unit). Neutron diffraction evidences the nanosegregation of polymer main-chains and water molecules leading to the presence of water clusters. NMR reveals the same characteristic times and spectral shape as those of the slower process observed by broadband dielectric spectroscopy in this system [S. Cerveny et al., J. Chem. Phys. 128, 044901 (2008)]. The temperature dependence of such relaxation time crosses over from a cooperative-like behavior at high temperatures to an Arrhenius behavior at lower temperatures. Below the crossover, NMR features the spectral shape as due to a symmetric distribution of relaxation times and the underlying motions as isotropic. NS results on the structural relaxation of both components-isolated via H/D labeling-show (i) anomalously stretched and non-Gaussian functional forms of the intermediate scattering functions and (ii) a strong dynamic asymmetry between the components that increases with decreasing temperature. Strong heterogeneities associated to the nanosegregated structure and the dynamic asymmetry are invoked to explain the observed anomalies. On the other hand, at short times the atomic displacements are strongly coupled for PVP and water, presumably due to H-bond formation and densification of the sample upon hydration.

Study of the structure and dynamics of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) by molecular dynamics simulations validated by quasielastic neutron scattering and x-ray diffraction experiments.

Quasielastic neutron scattering, x-ray diffraction measurements, and fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on poly(vinylpyrrolidone) homopolymer above its glass transition temperature. A "prepeak" appears in the x-ray diffraction pattern that shows the typical features of a first amorphous halo. From an effective description of the experimentally accessed incoherent scattering function of hydrogens in terms of a stretched exponential function, we observe enhanced stretching and a momentum-transfer dependence of the characteristic time different from that usually reported for more simple polymers (main-chain polymers or polymers with small side groups). The comparison with both kinds of experimental results has validated the simulations. The analysis of the simulated structure factor points to a nanosegregation of side groups (SG) and main-chains (MC). The detailed insight provided by the simulations on the atomic trajectories reveals a partial and spatially localized decoupling of MC and SG dynamics at length scales between the average SG-SG distance and the characteristic length of the backbone interchain correlations. Anomalous behavior in correlators calculated for the SG subsystem are found, like e.g., logarithmiclike decays of the density-density correlation function. They might be a consequence of the existing large dynamic asymmetry between SG and MC subsystems. Our results suggest that, as the SGs are spatially extended and chemically different from the backbone, they form transient nanosegregated domains. The dynamics of these domains show similar behavior to that found in other systems displaying large dynamic asymmetry.

Structure and dynamics of a Gay-Berne liquid crystal confined in cylindrical nanopores.

Gay-Berne liquid crystals confined in two cylindrical nanopores with different pore sizes were studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Their structure and dynamics properties were obtained and compared with those of the bulk. Our data show that confinement changes the bulk isotropic-to-nematic transition to a continuous ordering from a paranematic to a nematic phase. Moreover, confinement strongly hinders the smectic translational order. The molecular dynamics is characterized by the translational diffusion coefficients and the first-rank reorientational correlation times. Very different characteristic times and temperature variations in the dynamics are observed in confinement. Spatially resolved quantities illustrate that confinement induces predominant structural and dynamical heterogeneities.