Agitación o delirio postoperatorio en pediatría. ¿Qué sabemos y cómo evitarlo? / Postoperative agitation or delirium in paediatric patients. What we know and how to avoid it

Se denomina agitación o delirio postoperatorio al estado de alteración de la conciencia que se presenta tras la cirugía y que afecta especialmente al paciente pediátrico. Presenta una incidencia nada despreciable, alcanzando el 80% de los casos en determinados estudios. Frecuentemente es confundido con otras entidades clínicas, por lo que se ha validado una escala que facilita su diagnóstico. Entre sus factores de riesgo destaca la edad inferior a 5años, la presencia de dolor tras la cirugía y, especialmente, la ansiedad intensa preoperatoria. El delirio postoperatorio se presenta como un evento adverso tras una intervención quirúrgica y tiene influencia en la seguridad del paciente, aumentando considerablemente su comorbilidad. Es fundamental reconocer la entidad, así como sus factores de riesgo, para aplicar medidas de prevención eficaces que disminuyan su incidencia y su intensidad cuando esta se presenta. (AU)

The state of altered consciousness that occurs after surgery, particularly in paediatric patients, is called emergence delirium or postoperative agitation, and some studies report an incidence of up to 80%. This high incidence is due to clinicians frequently mistaking this phenomenon for other clinical entities, and to avoid this confusion a scale has been validated to facilitate diagnosis. The main risk factors include age under 5years, postoperative pain, and particularly, intense preoperative anxiety. Paediatric emergence delirium is an adverse postoperative event that significantly increases comorbidity. It is essential to recognize this entity and its risk factors in order to apply effective preventive measures to reduce both incidence and intensity. (AU)

Postoperative agitation or delirium in paediatric patients. What we know and how to avoid it.

Emergence delirium or postoperative agitation is the name given to the state of altered consciousness that occurs after surgery and especially affects pediatric patients. Its incidence is not negligible, reaching 80% of cases in certain studies. It is frequently confused with other clinical entities, for which reason a scale has been validated to facilitate its diagnosis. Risk factors include age under 5 years, the presence of pain after surgery and especially intense preoperative anxiety. Pediatric emergence delirium presents as an adverse event after surgery and influences patient safety by significantly increasing patient comorbidity. It is essential to recognize the entity, as well as its risk factors, in order to apply effective preventive measures to reduce its incidence and intensity when it occurs.

Guías de ayuno preoperatorio: actualización / Preoperative fasting guidelines: An update

Desde 1990 las sociedades de Anestesiología han realizado distintas guías de ayuno preoperatorio ya no solo para disminuir la incidencia de aspiración pulmonar y morbilidad anestésica, sino para aumentar el bienestar del paciente previo a la anestesia. Algunas de estas sociedades han ido actualizando sus guías, de manera que desde 2010 ya disponemos de 2 dedicadas al ayuno preoperatorio basadas en la evidencia. Con este trabajo se ha pretendido revisar las actualizaciones de las guías, así como las pautas actuales para pacientes más controvertidos, como lactantes, obesos y programados para cierto tipo de cirugía oftálmica (AU)

Anesthesiology societies have issued various guidelines on preoperative fasting since 1990, not only to decrease the incidence of lung aspiration and anesthetic morbidity, but also to increase patient comfort prior to anesthesia. Some of these societies have been updating their guidelines, as such that, since 2010, we now have 2 evidence based preoperative fasting guidelines available. In this article, an attempt is made to review these updated guidelines, as well as the current instructions for more controversial patients such as infants, the obese, and a particular type of ophthalmic surgery (AU)

[Preoperative fasting guidelines: an update]. / Guías de ayuno preoperatorio: actualización.

Anesthesiology societies have issued various guidelines on preoperative fasting since 1990, not only to decrease the incidence of lung aspiration and anesthetic morbidity, but also to increase patient comfort prior to anesthesia. Some of these societies have been updating their guidelines, as such that, since 2010, we now have 2 evidence-based preoperative fasting guidelines available. In this article, an attempt is made to review these updated guidelines, as well as the current instructions for more controversial patients such as infants, the obese, and a particular type of ophthalmic surgery.

Fluidoterapia perioperatoria en el paciente pediátrico. Recomendaciones / Perioperative fluid therapy in the pediatric patient. Recommendations

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Anestesia epidural caudal en la piloromiotomía del lactante: Nuestra experiencia* / Caudal epidural anaesthetic in infants for pyloromyotomy: Our experience

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la anestesia epidural caudal como alternativa a la anestesia general convencional con entubación endotraqueal para la cirugía de la estenosis pilórica, aportando como ventajas su relativa sencillez una vez dominada la técnica, un mejor control de la analgesia perioperatoria y postoperatoria sin la necesidad de usar opiáceos, y el evitar la entubación orotraqueal y el manejo ventilatorio. Basándonos en la experiencia con 18 pacientes, presentamos la técnica realizada, los sistemas de monitorización y los resultados obtenidos. Concluímos que esta sistemática es un buen método alternativo a la anestesia general en la corrección quirúrgica de la estenosis de píloro (AU)

[Caudal epidural anesthesia in pyloromyotomy in infants: our experience]. / Anestesia epidural caudal en la piloromiotomía del lactante: nuestra experiencia.

The aim of this work is to introduce an alternative to ordinary anaesthetic with tracheal intubation for the surgery of pyloric stenosis. We argue in favour of this alternative that it can be achieved with relative ease if the technique of caudal epidural is well known, a better control of peri and post-operative analgesia without the need of opiates, and that this technique obviates orotracheal intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Based on our experience with 18 patients, we introduce the anaesthetic technique, the monitoring systems and the obtained results. Our conclusion is that this technique is a good alternative to general anaesthetic for the surgical treatment of pyloric stenosis.