RESUMO
Transgenic mice expressing a tyrosine hydroxylase-human (h) GH fusion gene in the hypothalamus exhibit a dwarf phenotype. The GH feedback mechanism(s) underlying the growth retardation in these animals was investigated by assessing peptide and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the hormones of the hypothalamic-GH-IGF-I axis. Pituitary GH content, hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIH) content, and serum IGF-I levels were measured by RIA. mRNA levels of hypothalamic GHRH and SRIH and of pituitary GH and the GHRH receptor were measured by Northern blot hybridization. Transgenic mice of both sexes and their wild-type littermates were studied at 2-4 months of age. The pituitary GH content was markedly reduced by 85% in male and by 87% in female transgenic mice compared to that in wild-type controls (P < 0.01 for both). The pituitary GH mRNA content was also decreased by 73% (P = 0.002) in transgenic male mice. Circulating IGF-I levels were significantly reduced by 66% and 68% in male and female transgenic mice, respectively (P = 0.001). The hypothalamic GHRH content was significantly reduced by 19% and 33% (P < 0.05) in male and female transgenic mice, respectively. No significant difference was detected, however, in the hypothalamic SRIH content between wild-type and transgenic mice. Hypothalamic GHRH mRNA levels were significantly decreased by 35% (P = 0.002) in transgenic male mice compared to those in wild-type littermates. In contrast, SRIH mRNA was not significantly changed. An even greater reduction (61%; P = 0.003) was observed in pituitary GHRH receptor mRNA in transgenic mice. These data indicate that the GH deficiency and dwarf phenotype of the tyrosine hydroxylase-hGH transgenic mouse can be attributed primarily to impaired hypothalamic GHRH production. The mechanism of GH feedback inhibition appears to involve direct suppression of GHRH gene expression by locally produced hGH in the hypothalamus.
Assuntos
Genes Reporter/genética , Hormônio do Crescimento/genética , Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/química , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Northern Blotting , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/análise , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/genética , DNA/análise , DNA/química , DNA/genética , Primers do DNA/análise , Primers do DNA/química , Primers do DNA/genética , Retroalimentação/fisiologia , Feminino , Hormônio do Crescimento/análise , Hipotálamo/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/análise , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Hipófise/química , Hipófise/fisiologia , RNA Mensageiro/análise , RNA Mensageiro/química , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores de Neuropeptídeos/análise , Receptores de Neuropeptídeos/genética , Receptores de Hormônios Reguladores de Hormônio Hipofisário/análise , Receptores de Hormônios Reguladores de Hormônio Hipofisário/genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Somatostatina/análise , Somatostatina/genética , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/análiseRESUMO
The characteristics of the vampire legend are compared to those associated with childhood abuse in terms of the role of the abuser and the abused and of the interchange between them. Principles of analytical psychology are used as a template through which the drama of vampire/abuser and victims can be understood, with the vampire representing the negative aspect of the healer archetype.
Assuntos
Abuso Sexual na Infância/psicologia , Fantasia , Terapia Psicanalítica , Adulto , Criança , Abuso Sexual na Infância/terapia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Teoria PsicanalíticaRESUMO
This paper provides a discussion of the life cycle using a framework constructed from ideas in chaos theory. Building upon psychodynamic ideas from Freud, Jung, and Erikson, the integration of the Self is discussed from the viewpoint of Analytical Psychology. It is proposed that throughout our lives we encounter crisis points that fractionate the ego and necessitate use of more complex and adaptive psychic structures to contain or handle the seemingly disparate qualities that arise. We may say that eventually one aspires to realize Analytical Psychology's goal of integrating the superior and the inferior functions of the psyche into a cohesive Self. Jung seemed to state that the Self could never be attained, but it is argued in this paper that a form of transitory self may be realized periodically during the course of the life cycle.
Assuntos
Ego , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Teoria Psicológica , Humanos , Modelos Psicológicos , Fenômenos Físicos , FísicaRESUMO
Here some of the basic ideas assembled under the recently coined term chaos theory are applied to the process of psychotherapy. Utilizing some ideas from chaos theory, "chaos" is defined in psychological terms as a state of overwhelming anxiety and is interpreted as the first indication of potential psychological growth. The concepts of Analytical Psychology and the modality of sandtray therapy are used to illustrate the type of therapeutic approach this theoretical work proposes in the transcendent cycle. Psychotherapy simply facilitates a transformation, wherein clients are guided through the chaos they are experiencing so that they may grow beyond their current psychological limitations.
