[Detection of coronavirus in experimental pneumocystic pneumonia].

Transmission electron microscopy (of ultrathin sections) was used to examine the biomass of lung tissue in the immunodeficiency minipigs experimentally infected with Pneumocystis carinii. The material was found to contain pneumocysts, bacteria, and coronaviruses. There was a clear coronavirus-pneumocyst structural relationship. The findings suggest the combined effect of microorganisms of different systematic groups on the development of a pathological process in the experimental infection etiologically determined by Pneumocystis carinii.

[Detection of markers of the human T-cell leukemia virus in patients with T-cell lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma]. / Obnaruzhenie markerov virusa T-kletochnogo leikoza cheloveka u bol'nykh T-kletochnoi limfomoi i sarkomoi kaposhi.

Nine patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and five suffering from T-cell lymphoma have been examined. Antibodies to HTLV-1 were not found in these patients. The primary cellular cultures were isolated from blood and lymph nodes of the patients. Viral particles (type C) were found in the culture obtained from the patient with lymphoma of T-cell origin. DNAs from the primary cellular cultures from patients with lymphoma or sarcoma contained the sequences homologous to gag-gene of HTLV-1. The data suppose the patients with T-cell lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma to carry HTLV-1 virus.

[The effect of interferon preparations on the ultrastructural organization of Legionella pneumophila]. / Vliianie preparatov interferona na ul'trastrukturnuiu organizatsiiu Legionella pneumophila.

The influence of the preparations of interferon on morphological changes in L. pneumophila on the ultrastructural level has been studied. Disturbances in the ultrastructure of L. pneumophila result from the direct bactericidal action of interferons without any interference of immune mechanisms. These disturbances are manifested by damages in the cell wall, plasma membrane, nuclear and ribosomal apparatuses of microbial cells. Leukinferon exhibits pronounced anti-Legionella activity, both in vitro in a liquid culture medium and in ovo, than reaferon.

[The isolation and characteristics of long-term continuous lymphoid cell lines (IK-10 and IK-12) from patients with mycosis fungoides]. / Poluchenie i kharakteristika dlitel'no perevivaemykh limfoidnykh kletochnykh linii (IK-10 i IK-12) ot bol'nykh gribovidnym mikozom.

Examinations of 26 cell cultures have detected in two cases continuous IK-10 and IK-12 cell lines from patients with mycosis fungoides. Studies of these cell ultrastructure, carried out by transmission electron microscopy, have shown organoids of all types, that are characteristic of both minor and medium lymphocytes and of lymphoblasts. Markers of T-, B-cells and mononuclears are also detectable in these cell lines. The cells express surface immunoglobulins and interleukin-2 receptors. Noteworthy that association of these cells in a population may be in vitro cultivated for more than 2 years.

[A clinico-experimental study of patients with mycosis fungoides and Kaposi's sarcoma]. / Kliniko-éksperimental'noe izuchenie bol'nykh gibovidnym mikozom i sarkomoi Kaposhi.

Twenty-six cultures were prepared by the cultivation method. Continuous cells lines (IK-10 and IK-12) were obtained in two cases, in the rest short-lived cell cultures were prepared. All the isolated cell cultures were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Abnormal lymphoblasts were detected in some cell cultures isolated from the blood and lymph nodes of mycosis fungoides (IJ-137, IK-140, IK-142, IK-143) and Kaposi's sarcoma patients (IK-145). Cell population consisted of small, medium, and large lymphocytes. Electron microscopic examination has revealed retroviruses in IK-143 culture, isolated from the lymph node of a patient with mycosis fungoides. Morphologically these particles were typical of type C oncoviruses, 120-140 nm in diameter, with a spherical core in the center of the virion.

[The morphological characteristics of the chondriome of human lymphoblastoid cells producing the human immunodeficiency virus]. / Morfologicheskaia kharakteristika khondrioma limfoblastoidnykh kletok cheloveka, produtsiruiushchikh virus immunodefitsita cheloveka.

The mitochondrial complex condition of continuous CEMT4 cell line infected by the human immunodeficiency virus has been investigated. The mitochondrial morphology of these and of intact cells was similar in great extent, though several changes were observed. For example, mitochondrial profiles with multiple dichotomous branches and anastomosis cristae were noted in the former. These changes resulted in the augmentation of the inner membrane square of mitochondrion. The formation of mitochondrial clusters connected with special junctions was a very characteristic part of the infected cell. Contacts were seen to be formed between the outer membranes neighboring profiles. These contacts look as X-like little bridges, or net-like or plate-like structures. The mutual transition of all these structures was observed using goniometer adapter. As has been shown by the three-dimensional reconstruction of mitochondrial junction zones, this area is presented by a single mitochondrion being structurally very complicated and very large in size compared to the neighbouring ones.

[The molecular bases of the pathogenesis of AIDS]. / Molekuliarnye osnovy patogeneza SPID.

The comparative study of the amino acid sequence of gp120 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains HTLV-III and ARV-2 and the amino end areas of the growth hormone receptors of human skin and the insulin receptors has been carried out, thus making it possible to predict the existence of two compact domains connected with an area of a peptide chain. This area is incapable of the formation of a compact globular structure due to a high content of the remnants of proline. The data obtained as the result of electron microscopic study in combination with image processing have confirmed the predicted three-dimensional structure of gp120. This study has also shown that the amino acid sequence of some regions in the domains of gp120 has a significant degree of homology with similarly located regions of the growth hormone and insulin receptors; in its turn, this amino acid sequence is homologous to the framework regions of the VH domain of immunoglobulin. Antibodies to this VH domain specifically react with recombinant HTLV-III antigen. On the basis of the data obtained in our experiments and from the analysis clinico-immunological information, we have come to the conclusion that AIDS is an autoimmune disease induced by HIV due to the structural homology of gp120 with highly important receptors of human cells.

[Electron microscopic analysis of the effect of Trichophyton rubrum on the reproduction of the human immunodeficiency virus]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskii analiz vliianiia Trichophyton rubrum na reproduktsiiu virusa immunodefitsita cheloveka.

The authors have examined the effect of a Tr. rubrum infection on HIV reproduction in H9 cell culture. A statistically significant activation on HIV multiplication has been observed 24 hrs after cell culture infection with the fungus: the infected cells produced more viral particles than the reference cells. The number of HIV virions has been increased mainly at the sites of Tr. rubrum localization and near H9 cell sites containing phagocytized elements of the fungus. In case of a mixed infection abnormal HIV forms (minimal and giant ones) have been detected along with the common virions. The ability of HIV virions to adsorption on Tr. rubrum surface has been revealed.

[Influence of mycoplasma on the production of the oncogenic leukemia virus HTLV by HUT-102 T-lymphoblastoid cells]. / Vliianie mikoplazmy na produktsiiu onkogennogo leikoznogo virusa HTLV T-limfoblastoidnymi kletkami HUT-102.

A suspension culture of human T-lymphoblasts HUT-102 producing type C oncovirus (HTLV) was examined electron microscopically. Control decontaminated HUT-102 cells spontaneously contaminated with M. orale and exogenously infected with M. pneumoniae were examined in ultrathin sections. The variation statistics method demonstrated that in the mycoplasma-infected cells the number of HTLV virions was significantly higher than in control cultures. It is assumed that the increased production of HTLV is due to mycoplasma-induced changes of physico-chemical properties of the cell membrane which facilitate virion budding.

[Increase in the production of oncovirus type C by an L929 cell culture as a result of BCG infection]. / Uvelichenie produktsii onkovirusa tipa C keltochnoi kul'turoi L929 v rezul'tate ee infitsiroavniia BTsZh.

The effect of BCG infection of L929 cells on replication of oncovirus type C was studied. Ultrathin sections of the BCG-infected culture were examined electron microscopically 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10 days postinfection. Most microorganisms with the morphology typical of mycobacteria were found inside phagosomes. The number of extracellular virions as well as budding and abnormal forms per one cell contour was counted. BCG-infected cells were found to produce significantly more virus than the controls. The difference was maximal 3 days postinoculation. Possible reasons for the increased oncovirus production by continuous cell lines after infection with BCG are discussed.

[Alterations of Rous virus and polyoma virus during their synthesis in the cells of unnatural hosts]. / Izmenenie virusa Rausa i virusa poliomy v protsesse ikh sinteza v kletkakh neprirodnykh khoziaev.

The line of human embryo fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (strain Schmidt-Ruppin) contained and produced Rous sarcoma virus; this was shown by the complement fixation test, immunofluorescent test, electron microscopy and labelling with 3H-uridine peak in sucrose gradient. Biological properties of the new synthesized virus differed from that of the parent Schmidt-Ruppin strain; the range of the sensitive cells and the protein envelope antigens altered in particular. Analogous results by the change of the viral biological properties produced in the unnatural host tissue were obtained for polioma virus synthesized in the human embryo fibroblasts transformed by this virus.

[Detection of an agent similar to rotavirus in infantile gastroenteritis]. / Obnaruzhenie agenta, skhodnogo s rotavirusom, pri detskom gastroénterite.

The etiology of nonbacterial enterovirus infections in children was studied in autumn and winter under conditions of focal outbreaks in Moscow hospitals. Electron microscopy revealed a reovirus-like agent in concentrated suspensions of feces collected in the acute period of the disease from children suffering from diarrhea. Examinations of paired sera from the patients by the CF test with the antigen of Nebraska calf disease virus established significant rises in antibody titers in 68.3% of cases. The results permit a conclusion that in this country a virus of acute gastroenteritis of children (viral gastroenteritis A) is circulating, causing outbreaks of the disease. The virus belongs to the genus Rotavirus of the Reoviridae family.

[Ultrastructure of the conjugates of cytolytic T-lymphocytes and target cells]. / Ul'trastruktura kon'iugatov tsitoliticheskikh T-limfotsitov i kletok-mishenei.

Conjugates of target cells and of cytological T-lymphocytes obtained on the 11th day after alloimmunization were investigated. The conjugates formed small and medium lymphocytes; mature secretory granules, crystal-like structures and lipids were revealed in their cytoplasm. The lymphocyte is spherical, the area of contact with the target cell does not exceed 5 to 15%. Cytolysis of target cells is observed after 30 to 60 minutes of incubation. The lymphocyte becomes flattened, its nucleus acquires an oval form, and the area of contact with the target cell increases considerably. At the same time hypertrophy and change of orientation of Golgi's complex to the area of contact with the target cell, coalescence of the secretory granules with lipids and crystal-like structures, the appearance of immature secretory granules and vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria are demonstrated. The lymphocyte membrane becomes "desquamated"; structures connected with it, named "membranosomes" are described. It is suggested that the secretory processes in the cytoplasm of cytolytic T-lymphocytes are activated in their interaction with target cells.

[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between cytolytic T-lymphocytes and target cells]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe izuchenie vzaimodeistviia tsitoliticheskikh T-limfotsitov i kletok-mishenei.

Thymocytes stimulated in vitro in a mixed culture was sorbed by centrifugation on the surface of target cells for electron microscope study of cytology of immune T-lymphocytes and early cytolysis periods. A well developed Golgi apparatus was revealed in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes; there was also accumulation of tubular structures 50 to 60 nm in diameter which communicated with the cysterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, with "descended" vesiculi and plasmatic membrane of lymphocyte. This membrane formed numerous contacts with the membrane of target cells thus producing closed clefts. Taking into consideration these data and also current views on the intertransformation of membranes and intracellular transport a hypothetic scheme of the mechanism involved in the cytolysis of the target cell by immune T-lymphocyte was put forward.

[Use of immune electron microscopy for detecting the hepatitis A virus]. / Primenenie immunnoi élektronnoi mikroskopii dlia vyiavleniia virusa gepatita A.

Attempts were made to isolate and identify hepatitis A virus by the method of immune electron microscopy using also biophysical methods and the transfection procedure of cell cultures by nucleic acid preparations. In fecal specimens from patients with infectious hepatitis A, virus-like particles 25-30 nm in diameter were found which reacted with convalescent antisera and could be detected by the immune electron microscopy method. By the same method virus-like particles 22-25 nm in diameter were detected in the blood serum of the patients collected early in the disease. A method for their purification and concentration in cesium chloride density gradients has been developed. Attempts at transfection of the cell cultures with preparations of nucleic acids failed. In the course of the study, however, data were obtained which would subsequently facilitate isolation of the causative agent of hepatitis A.