Description of a new species of Parens Fibiger, 2011 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Hypenodinae) from Korea.

The genus Parens comprises small moths, with a wingspan of 9-13 mm, belonging to the family Erebidae. Until now, only four species have been described worldwide. In Korea, only one species, P.occi (Fibiger & Kononenko, 2008) has been known to date. In this study, a new species from Korea, P.fibigerina Lee & Byun, sp. nov., is described. As a result, two Parens species are now known from Korea. Figures of adults, male and female genitalia, and a key to the species of Parens in Korea are provided.

The checklist of leaf-mining moths Phyllonorycter Hbner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) of Korea with description of two new species and nine newly recorded species.

In the present study, a total of 30 species of Phyllonorycter Hbner, 1822 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) in Korea are recognized and enumerated. Among them, two species (Phyllonorycter phallustenuis sp. nov. and P. daehana sp. nov.) are newly described to science. In addition, nine species are reported for the first time for the country: P. ginnalae (Ermolaev, 1981), P. jezoniella (Matsumura, 1931), P. lonicerae (Kumata, 1963), P. nigristella (Kumata, 1957), P. ostryae (Kumata, 1963), P. reduncata (Ermolaev, 1986), P. sorbicola (Kumata, 1963), P. tritorrhecta (Meyrick, 1935), and P. zelkovae (Kumata, 1963). Detailed descriptions and illustrations of both adults and genitalia of the new species are provided.

Review of the genus Liocrobyla (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) from Korea, with description of one newly-recorded species.

Background: Liocrobyla Meyrick, 1916 is a relatively small genus within the family Gracillariidae, consisting of nine species worldwide, including five species in Korea. New information: In this study, we recognise five species belonging to the genus Liocrobyla Meyrick, 1916 from Korea. Amongst them, one species, L.indigofera Liu, Wang & Wang, 2018, is reported for the first time in Korea. Figures of adults, male and female genitalia, along with a key to the species of Liocrobyla in Korea, are provided.

A new species of the genus Proutia Tutt (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) from Korea, based on morphology and DNA barcodes.

Background: The genus Proutia Tutt, 1899 (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) comprises 14 species found throughout the world. In East Asia, three species, Proutiachinensis Hättenschwiler & Chao, 1990, P.maculatella Saigusa & Sugimoto, 2014 and P.nigra Saigusa & Sugimoto, 2014, are known from Korea, Japan and China. New information: Proutiacornucervae Roh & Lee, sp. nov. is newly recognised from Korea. In addition, Bruandellaniphonica (Hori) is transferred to genus Proutia. Male and genitalia of the species are described and DNA barcodes are provided.

Genetic differentiation and species diversification of the Adoxophyes orana complex (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in East Asia.

The Adoxophyes tea tortrix (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a group of leaf rollers that cause enormous economic losses on tea and apple crops. In East Asia, taxonomic ambiguity of the Adoxophyes orana complex (AOC), which consists of A. orana, A. dubia, A. honmai, and A. paraorana, has persisted for decades because of vague diagnostic characters. In this study, differences in the AOC were examined to improve species identification, determine genetic variations, and develop control strategies. Analyses revealed that A. orana comprised 2 lineages, a widely distributed Palearctic lineage and an East Asian lineage that was nested with other Asian species. Genetic divergence of >3% is proposed to confirm the AOC species that would benefit subsequent taxonomic revision. The monophyletic Taiwanese A. sp. with 2.8-4% from other AOC species appeared to suggest it as an independent taxon, and low interspecific divergence between A. honmai and A. dubia of 0.3% indicated possibility of recent divergence or intraspecific variations. Our result further suggested that the Z9-14:Ac ratio of semiochemicals could be a reference for the reblending of pheromone attractants in Taiwanese tea plantations. Moreover, the AOC species appeared to have a tendency of specific geographic distributions, with A. dubia and A. honmai in Japan and China, A. paraorana in Korea, and A. sp. in Taiwan. Maintaining the unique genetic composition of Adoxophyes species in each geographic region and preventing the possible invasions into those AOC-free countries through the transportation of host plants are essential in managing the AOC in East Asia.

Taxonomic Review of the Genus Caloptilia Hübner, 1825 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with Descriptions of Three New Species and Seven Newly Recorded Species from Korea.

In this study, 29 species of Caloptilia Hübner, 1825, belonging to the family Gracillariidae, were recognized in Korea. Among these, three species, i.e., C. purpureus sp. nov., C. koreana sp. nov., and C. xanthos sp. nov., are described as new to science. In addition, seven species of this genus are reported for the first time in Korea. All known species were enumerated, based on their available information. Adult specimens and genitalia of the new and newly recorded species were examined and described using all available information.

Genus Eteoryctis Kumata amp; Kuroko, 1988 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Korea with description of a new species.

In this study, three species of the genus Eteoryctis Kumata Kuroko, 1988 are recognized from Korea. Among them, E. minimus sp. nov. is described as new to science. Also, one species, E. picrasmae Kumata Kuroko, 1988 is reported for the first time from Korea. Adults and genitalia of all species are described and illustrated. Also, a key to the species of Eteoryctis in Korea is presented.

A new species of Olethreutes Hübner, 1822 (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) from Korea.

One new species of Olethreutes Hübner, 1822 species, O. oculata Kim, Byun & Bae, sp. nov., is described, and two related species, O. captiosana (Falkovitsh, 1960) and O. subtilana (Falkovitsh, 1959), are redescribed from Korea. Color figures of adults and images of genitalia are provided. [Zoobank registrations: Olethreutes oculata Kim, Byun & Bae, new species: LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:814E618C-C13D-4FAC-A669-C3AD8673227F].

Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants.

In this study, two new species of the family Gelechiidae are described from Korea. The new species are Teleiodes juglansivora Park Byun, sp. nov. and Encoplata najuensis Park Byun, sp. nov. For the new species, some biological data concerning on their larval food plants are given.

A brief history of Lepidoptera section contributions to Zootaxa.

As a reviewer, John Brown received the first Lepidoptera manuscript submitted to Zootaxa in 2002. Within a year he was persuaded by a colleague to volunteer as its first Lepidoptera section editor. As submissions increased, he realized that he needed assistance, so in July 2005 he enlisted Robert Robbins (U.S. National Museum of National History), and the two editors split the submissions-Brown covered moths and Robbins butterflies. As submissions continued to grow, Robbins stepped down and Brown was again the sole editor. Owing to the ever-increasing manuscript load, in 2007 Brown submitted a proposal to several colleagues, inviting them to become Lepidoptera section editors, with the concept that the more editors there were, the fewer manuscripts each would have to handle, and their duties would include papers primarily in their area of expertise. The solicitation was successful, with four new subject editors coming on board in 2007: Lawrence Gall for macrolepidoptera families, Michael Toliver for butterflies, Jean-François Landry for microlepidoptera families, and Shen-Horn Yen for Pyraloidea and Zygaenoidea; the last two are still section editors today. Over the next 13 years, numerous editors came and went-turnover in editorship was always viewed as a positive way to involve new scientists and interject fresh ideas. From 2001 to 2020, a cumulative total of 21 scientists have served as Lepidoptera Section editors (Table 1), representing 14 different countries.

First report of the tribe Chlidanotini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Korea, with the description of a new genus and species.

Nabangana gen. nov. is described and illustrated from Korea. The new genus and its type species Nabangana koreana sp. nov. represents the first record of the tortricid tribe Chlidanotini from Korea.

A new species of Ceratosticha Meyrick, 1935 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from Korea.

Ceratosticha lineata Roh Byun, sp. n., is described from Korea. Adults, genitalia, and larvae of the species are described, and DNA barcodes are provided.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Dahlica (Dahlica) ochrostigma Roh and Byun, 2018 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae).

We, herein, report the complete mitochondrial genome of Dahlica (Dahlica) ochrostigma. This species' genome has a total length of 15,429 bp (GenBank accession number: MK890245), consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and an A + T rich control region. The nucleotide composition is 39.1% T, 42.8% A, 11.1% C, and 7.0% G. This is the first report of a complete mitochondrial genome of the subfamily Naryciinae, and this mitogenomic sequence can be used as a reference for phylogenetic studies on the family Psychidae.

West meets East: How do rainforest beetles become circum-Pacific? Evolutionary origin of Callipogon relictus and allied species (Cerambycidae: Prioninae) in the New and Old Worlds.

The longhorn beetle genus Callipogon Audinet-Serville represents a small group of large wood-boring beetles whose distribution pattern exhibits a unique trans-Pacific disjunction between the East Asian temperate rainforest and the tropical rainforest of the Neotropics. To understand the biogeographic history underlying this circum-Pacific disjunct distribution, we reconstructed a molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Prioninae with extensive sampling of Callipogon using multilocus sequence data of 99 prionine and four parandrine samples (ingroups), together with two distant outgroup species. Our sampling of Callipogon includes 18 of the 24 currently accepted species, with complete representation of all species in our focal subgenera. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the purported affinity between the Palearctic Callipogon relictus and its Neotropical congeners. Furthermore, based on molecular dating under the fossilized birth-death (FBD) model with comprehensive fossil records and probabilistic ancestral range reconstructions, we estimated the crown group Callipogon to have originated in the Paleocene circa 60 million years ago (Ma) across the Neotropics and Eastern Palearctics. The divergence between the Palearctic C. relictus and its Neotropical congeners is explained as the result of a vicariance event following the demise of boreotropical forest across Beringia at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. As C. relictus represents the unique relictual species that evidentiates the lineage's expansive ancient distribution, we evaluated its conservation importance through species distribution modelling. Though we estimated a range expansion for C. relictus by 2050, we emphasize a careful implementation of conservation programs towards the protection of primary forest across its current habitats, as the species remains highly vulnerable to habitat disturbance.

Two new species of the genus Dahlica Enderlein (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) from Korea.

The genus Dahlica Enderlein, 1912 is reported for the first time from Korea with two new species: Dahlica (Dahlica) somae Roh & Byun, sp. n. and Dahlica (Dahlica) ochrostigma Roh & Byun, sp. n. Adults and genitalia are illustrated, and DNA barcodes for precise identification of the species are also provided.

Remarks on the genus Metacosma Kuznetzov, 1985 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Eucosmini), with description of a new species from Japan and Korea.

Metacosma Kuznetzov, 1985 is briefly reviewed and its affinities within Eucosmini are discussed. A checklist of species is presented, including a species of questionable generic assignment, M. miratorana Kuznetzov, 1988. One new species, M. echinophora Komai, Byun Yamazaki, is described from Japan and Korea. In Japan this species is a minor pest in pine plantations. Its larva bores into needles and buds of pines (Pinus spp.), forming a resin dome as a shelter. Photographs of the adult, the genitalia of both sexes, and the larval habitat, along with line drawings of the wing venation, the larva, and the pupa are provided.

From east to west across the Palearctic: Phylogeography of the invasive lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and discovery of a putative new cryptic species in East Asia.

Knowing the phylogeographic structure of invasive species is important for understanding the underlying processes of invasion. The micromoth Phyllonorycter issikii, whose larvae damage leaves of lime trees Tilia spp., was only known from East Asia. In the last three decades, it has been recorded in most of Europe, Western Russia and Siberia. We used the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region to compare the genetic variability of P. issikii populations between these different regions. Additionally, we sequenced two nuclear genes (28S rRNA and Histone 3) and run morphometric analysis of male genitalia to probe for the existence of cryptic species. The analysis of COI data of 377 insect specimens collected in 16 countries across the Palearctic revealed the presence of two different lineages: P. issikii and a putative new cryptic Phyllonorycter species distributed in the Russian Far East and Japan. In P. issikii, we identified 31 haplotypes among which 23 were detected in the invaded area (Europe) and 10 were found in its putative native range in East Asia (Russian Far East, Japan, South Korea and China), with only two common haplotypes. The high number of haplotypes found in the invaded area suggest a possible scenario of multiple introductions. One haplotype H1 was dominant (119 individuals, 67.2%), not only throughout its expanding range in Europe and Siberia but, intriguingly, also in 96% of individuals originating from Japan. We detected eight unique haplotypes of P. issikii in East Asia. Five of them were exclusively found in the Russian Far East representing 95% of individuals from that area. The putative new cryptic Phyllonorycter species showed differences from P. issikii for the three studied genes. However, both species are morphologically undistinguishable. They occur in sympatry on the same host plants in Japan (Sendai) and the Russian Far East (Primorsky krai) without evidence of admixture.

Changes in butterfly abundance in response to global warming and reforestation.

In the Republic of Korea, most denuded forest lands have been restored since the 1960s. In addition, the annual mean temperature in the Republic of Korea has increased approximately 1.0 degrees C during the last century, which is higher than the global mean increase of 0.74 degrees C. Such rapid environmental changes may have resulted in changes in the local butterfly fauna. For example, the number of butterflies inhabiting forests may have increased because of reforestation, whereas the number of butterflies inhabiting grasslands may have declined. Furthermore, the number of northern butterflies may have declined, whereas the number of southern butterflies may have increased in response to global warming. Therefore, we compared current data (2002 approximately 2007) regarding the abundance of butterfly species at two sites in the central portion of the Korean Peninsula to data from the late 1950s and early 1970s for the same sites. Changes in the abundance rank of each species between the two periods were evaluated to determine whether any patterns corresponded to the predicted temporal changes. The predicted changes in butterfly abundance were confirmed in this study. In addition, the results showed a different response to habitat change between northern and southern species. In northern butterfly species, butterflies inhabiting forests increased, whereas those inhabiting grasslands declined. However, the opposite was true when southern butterfly species were evaluated. Changes in the abundance indicate that habitat change may be one of the key factors related to the survival of populations that remain around the southern boundary of butterfly species.

Notes on Some New Records of Macro- and Micro-lichens from Korea.

The paper describes nine new records of macro- and micro-lichens from Korea. A brief taxonomic description and comments are presented for all the studied taxa (Catapyrenium squamellum, Chrysothrix candelaris, Endocarpon pallidulum, Endocarpon petrolepideum, Lecanora oreinoides, Leprocaulon albicans, Parmotrema saccatilobum, Verrucaria glaucina and Xanthoria parietina). The lichen genera Catapyrenium, Chrysothrix and Verrucaria are reported for the first time in this country.