Oxidative stress and metabolism meet epigenetic modulation in physical exercise.

Physical exercise is established as an important factor of health and generally is recommended for its positive effects on several tissues, organs, and systems. These positive effects come from metabolic adaptations that also include oxidative eustress, in which physical activity increases ROS production and antioxidant mechanisms, although this depends on the intensity of the exercise. Muscle metabolism through mechanisms such as aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative lipid metabolism can produce metabolites and co-factors which directly impact the epigenetic machinery. In this review, we clearly reinforce the evidence that exercise regulates several epigenetic mechanisms and explain how these mechanisms can be regulated by metabolic products and co-factors produced during exercise. In fact, recent evidence has demonstrated the importance of epigenetics in the gene expression changes implicated in metabolic adaptation after exercise. Importantly, intermediates of the metabolism generated by continuous, acute, moderate, or strenuous exercise control the activity of epigenetic enzymes, therefore turning on or turning off the gene expression of specific programs which can lead to physiological adaptations after exercise.

The Intricate Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Sepsis-Associated Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a type of tissue and organ dysregulation in sepsis, due mainly to the effect of the inflammation on the coagulation system. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to this disorder are not fully understood. Moreover, current biomarkers for DIC, including biological and clinical parameters, generally provide a poor diagnosis and prognosis. In recent years, non-coding RNAs have been studied as promising and robust biomarkers for a variety of diseases. Thus, their potential in the diagnosis and prognosis of DIC should be further studied. Specifically, the relationship between the coagulation cascade and non-coding RNAs should be established. In this review, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs are studied in relation to DIC. Specifically, the axis between these non-coding RNAs and the corresponding affected pathway has been identified, including inflammation, alteration of the coagulation cascade, and endothelial damage. The main affected pathway identified is PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, where several ncRNAs participate in its regulation, including miR-122-5p which is sponged by circ_0005963, ciRS-122, and circPTN, and miR-19a-3p which is modulated by circ_0000096 and circ_0063425. Additionally, both miR-223 and miR-24 were found to affect the PI3K/AKT pathway and were regulated by lncGAS5 and lncKCNQ1OT1, respectively. Thus, this work provides a useful pipeline of inter-connected ncRNAs that future research on their impact on DIC can further explore.