Estudio comparativo de insectos asociados a cadáveres de cobayas en dos formas de muerte en Castilla, Piura (Perú) / Comparative study of insects associated with guinea pig corpses in two forms of death in Castilla, Piura (Peru)

Se determinaron los insectos asociados a cadáveres de cobayas, en las dos formas de muerte con mayor incidencia en Piura: envenenamiento (raticida) y arma blanca (cuchillo); utilizando como testigo una muerte por parada cardiorrespiratoria. Para este fin, se sacrificaron cobayas hembras, de pesos similares y procedentes de la misma granja, en tres repeticiones (una por mes), expuestos en un área de bosque seco en el distrito de Castilla, dentro de jaulas de malla metálica, y separadas 60 metros entre sí. La colecta de dípteros adultos se realizó mediante una red entomológica, y se les sacrificó con cianuro en un frasco mortal. Los coleópteros se colectaron por muestreo manual alrededor del cadáver, y se sacrificaron en un frasco mortal con alcohol al 70%. Todos los individuos fueron determinados y cuantificados con un estereoscopio y claves taxonómicas, siempre procurando llegar al nivel taxonómico más bajo. Se utilizó el programa SPSS Vs.22 para calcular las diferencias en la entomofauna entre las formas de muerte, mediante el análisis de varianzas (ANOVA); encontrándose un total de 24 especies, correspondientes a 22 especies para el testigo, 17 para envenenamiento y 19 para arma blanca, a una temperatura y humedad promedio de 25,94 °C y 63,19%, respectivamente. Estadísticamente, no existían diferencias significativas entre las formas de muerte con un nivel de significancia de 0,05

The insects associated with corpses of guinea pigs were determined, in the two forms of death with the highest incidence in Piura: poisoning (rat poison) and white weapon (knife); using as a witness, a death due to cardiorespiratory arrest. For this purpose, female guinea pigs, of similar weights and from the same farm, were slaughtered in three repetitions (one per month), exposed in an area of dry forest in the district of Castilla, in metal mesh cages, and separated 60 meters between them. The collection of adult diptera was carried out with an entomological network, and the sacrifice of these, in a deadly vial with cyanide. Coleoptera were collected by manual sampling around the body, and sacrificed in a deadly vial with 70% alcohol. All individuals were determined and quantified with a stereoscope and taxonomic keys, always trying to reach the lowest taxonomic level. The SPSS program Vs.22 was used to calculate the differences in the entomofauna between the forms of death, through the analysis of variances (ANOVA). There were a total of 24 species, corresponding to 22 species for the control, 17 for poisoning and 19 for weaponry, at an average temperature and humidity of 25.94 °C and 63.19% respectively, there being no statistically significant differences between the forms of death at a significance level of 0.05

Frequency of virulence genes in mixed infections with Helicobacter pylori strains from a Mexican population.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is associated with gastroduodenal diseases. Virulence of clinical isolates is related to clinical outcome. Moreover, with microdiversity studies in clinical isolates from a single patient, but from a different origin (antrum or corpus), it is possible to demonstrate that there are simultaneous mixed infections. AIMS: To genotype H. pylori strains with multiplex PCR, according to their clinical virulence, and in this manner know the frequency of each genotype and relate it to clinical outcome in order to prevent the development of severe diseases. METHODS: A total of 210 patients with gastric alterations were studied. Virulence classification of H. pylori strains was carried out with multiplex PCR and 127 strains were identified as H. pylori by PCR (glmM and cagE). Genotype and clinical outcome were evaluated with the Fisher's exact test. In addition, RAPD-PCR was performed as a fingerprinting method to analyze mixed infections. RESULTS: The cagA, vacAs1, and vacAm1 genes were detected in all the clinical isolates. Strains were classified as: type i, 40.15% (51/127); type ii, 22.04% (28/127); and type iii, 28.4% (36/127), but two new different genotypes were also detected: (1) babA2+, cagA+, vacAs1+, 6.29% (8/127) and (2) babA2+, cagA-, vacAs2/m2+, 3.14% (4/127). The cagE gene was detected in type i strains. CONCLUSIONS: The Fisher's exact test did not support a significant association between clinical outcome and genotype. The main circulating genotypes in the Mexican population studied were: cagA+, vacAs1, and vacAm1. Multiplex PCR can be used as a screening test for H. pylori strains. Furthermore, the cagE gene is a good marker for identifying cag-PAI positive strains.