USO DE FLUXOFENIM EM TRIGO COMO PROTETOR AO HERBICIDA S-METOLACHLOR

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fluxofenim used for seed treatment as safener in wheat, Ônix cultivar, treated with the herbicide S-metolachlor applied in pre-emergence. The study was divided in two steps. The first step consisted of an evaluation of fluxofenims safener potential for the reduction of visual symptoms of S-metolachlor injury in the field, and the treatments were S-metolachlor at 1,440 and 2,880 mL i.a. ha-1 and fluxofenim at 0, and 40 mL per 100 kg of seeds, and a control without herbicide. The second step was to evaluate glutathione S-transferase activity (GST). Herbicide phytotoxity was measured by way of visual symptoms at 3, 7, 15, and 30 days after emergence (DAE), dry matter from roots and leaves at 10 DAE. For the determination of GST activity, the canopy of plants was collected at 10 DAE and 15 days after treatment application. The wheat presented low tolerance to S-metolachlor at both rates, and fluxofenim increased S-metolachlor selectivity to wheat but not sufficiently, reducing plant population to a nonacceptable level. Gluthationa S-transferase activity for wheat increased when seeds treated with fluxofenim were submitted to S-metolachlor at 1,440 mL a.i. ha-1.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do protetor fluxofenim no tratamento de sementes de trigo, cultivar Ônix, para o aumento da seletividade do herbicida S-metolachlor aplicado em pré-emergência e determinar a atividade da enzima de detoxificação glutationa S-transferase (GST). O trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira para a avaliação em campo da eficiência do protetor em reduzir sintomas visuais de fitointoxicação causados pelo herbicida, e a segunda para a determinação da atividade da GST, conduzida em laboratório. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aplicação ou não do protetor na dose de 40 mL por 100 kg de sementes e a pulverização do herbicida S-metolachlor nas doses de 1.440 e 2.880 mL i.a.ha-1, além de uma testemunha sem aplicação, sendo que, na determinação da atividade da GST, se excluiu o tratamento com aplicação de 2.880 mL i.a.ha-1 de S-metolachlor. Foram comparadas a suscetibilidade ao herbicida por meio da avaliação visual de injúrias aos 3, 7, 15 e 30 dias após a emergência (DAE) e a massa seca de raiz e parte aérea aos 10 DAE. Para a determinação da atividade da GST foram coletadas amostras da parte aérea das plantas aos 15 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos e aos 10 DAE. Apesar do fluxofenim utilizado no tratamento da cultivar de trigo conferir uma maior tolerância ao herbicida S-metolachlor, ocorreu fitointoxicação visual e redução do estande de plantas. A cultivar testada apresentou aumento na atividade da enzima GST quando da utilização do fluxofenim anteriormente à aplicação do herbicida S-metolachlor na dose de 1.440 mL i.a. ha-1.

Uso de fluxofenim em trigo como protetor ao herbicida s-metolachlor / Fluxofenim applied on wheat as a safener for protection against smetolachlor herbicide

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do protetor fluxofenim no tratamento de sementes de trigo, cultivar Ônix, para o aumento da seletividade do herbicida S-metolachlor aplicado em pré-emergência e determinar a atividade da enzima de detoxificação glutationa S-transferase (GST). O trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira para a avaliação em campo da eficiência do protetor em reduzir sintomas visuais de fitointoxicação causados pelo herbicida, e a segunda para a determinação da atividade da GST, conduzida em laboratório. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aplicação ou não do protetor na dose de 40 mL por 100 kg de sementes e a pulverização do herbicida S-metolachlor nas doses de 1.440 e 2.880 mL i.a.ha-1, além de uma testemunha sem aplicação, sendo que, na determinação da atividade da GST, se excluiu o tratamento com aplicação de 2.880 mL i.a.ha-1 de S-metolachlor. Foram comparadas a suscetibilidade ao herbicida por meio da avaliação visual de injúrias aos 3, 7, 15 e 30 dias após a emergência (DAE) e a massa seca de raiz e parte aérea aos 10 DAE. Para a determinação da atividade da GST foram coletadas amostras da parte aérea das plantas aos 15 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos e aos 10 DAE. Apesar do fluxofenim utilizado no tratamento da cultivar de trigo conferir uma maior tolerância ao herbicida S-metolachlor, ocorreu fitointoxicação visual e redução do estande de plantas. A cultivar testada apresentou aumento na atividade da enzima GST quando da utilização do fluxofenim anteriormente à aplicação do herbicida S-metolachlor na dose de 1.440 mL i.a. ha-1.

This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fluxofenim used for seed treatment as safener in wheat, Ônix cultivar, treated with the herbicide S-metolachlor applied in pre-emergence. The study was divided in two steps. The first step consisted of an evaluation of fluxofenim's safener potential for the reduction of visual symptoms of S-metolachlor injury in the field, and the treatments were S-metolachlor at 1,440 and 2,880 mL i.a. ha-1 and fluxofenim at 0, and 40 mL per 100 kg of seeds, and a control without herbicide. The second step was to evaluate glutathione S-transferase activity (GST). Herbicide phytotoxity was measured by way of visual symptoms at 3, 7, 15, and 30 days after emergence (DAE), dry matter from roots and leaves at 10 DAE. For the determination of GST activity, the canopy of plants was collected at 10 DAE and 15 days after treatment application. The wheat presented low tolerance to S-metolachlor at both rates, and fluxofenim increased S-metolachlor selectivity to wheat but not sufficiently, reducing plant population to a nonacceptable level. Gluthationa S-transferase activity for wheat increased when seeds treated with fluxofenim were submitted to S-metolachlor at 1,440 mL a.i. ha-1.

Resveratrol toxicity: effects on risk factors for atherosclerosis and hepatic oxidative stress in standard and high-fat diets.

The beneficial action of moderate wine consumption is increasingly being attributed to resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene). To test the safety of resveratrol use as a dietary supplement, 24 male Wistar rats were initially divided into three groups: (C, n=6) was given standard chow and water; (R, n=6) received standard chow and 6 mg/l resveratrol in its drinking water (1mg/kg/day), and (HFD, n=12) received high-fat diet and water. In order to more appropriately study the effects of resveratrol on high-fat diet, after 30 days of treatments, HFD-rats were divided into two subgroups (n=6/group):(HFD) remained receiving high-fat diet and water; (HFD-R) given high-fat diet and 6 mg/l resveratrol in its drinking water (1mg/kg/day). The total experimental period was 45 days. The resveratrol dose took into account its average concentration in wine, the time variability of wine ingestion, and so of resveratrol consumption in humans. HFD-rats had hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, increased serum oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL) and hepatic oxidative stress. Comparing HFD-R and HFD-rats, resveratrol improved lipid profile and glucose level, enhanced superoxide dismutase, thus reducing ox-LDL and hepatic oxidative stress. Resveratrol, in standard-fed-rats reduced glutathione-antioxidant defense system and enhanced hepatic lipid hydroperoxide. In conclusion, based on the results of this single dose preliminary study with resveratrol in the drinking water of male Wistar rats for 30 days, it may be concluded that resveratrol may have beneficial effects in high-fat diets (e.g. ox-LDL, decreased serum and hepatic oxidativestress), but not in standard-fed diets (effects produced include enhanced hepatic oxidative stress). Further studies are indicated.

Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of onion, Allium cepa: dietary onion addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic effects on diabetic rats.

The purpose of the present study was to discover the relative potency of onion, Allium cepa, with respect to its hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects on the diabetic situation, and the association of these effects with the potential against oxidative stress. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. A normal control (group A), and a non-diabetic group (group B) were treated daily with 1 ml A. cepa solution (0.4 g A. cepa/rat). Groups C and D were made diabetic by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg body weight) in citrate buffer (pH 6.3). These animals (groups C and D) were the STZ diabetic control and STZ diabetic rats with onion intake, respectively. Onion increased the fasting serum high-density lipoprotein levels, and demonstrated alleviation of hyperglycaemia in STZ diabetic rats. The hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic actions of A. cepa were associated with antioxidant activity, since onion decreased superoxide dismutase activities while no increased lipid hydroperoxide and lipoperoxide concentrations were observed in diabetic rats treated with A. cepa.

Alterações na atividade da peroxidase e do conteúdo de carboidratos em mandioca cultivada in vitro sob estresse salino

The influence of sodium chloride induced stress (75 and 150 mM) on soluble carboydrate content and peroxidase activity was studied in cassava cuttings cultivated in vitro. The results showed that peroxidase activity decresead gradually during growth in all treatments. The reducing and total sugar contents were lower in cuttings submitted to 75 mM NaCl during the late phases of development as compared to higher doses of salt (150 mM NaCl) or on its absence. The results indicated that NaCl alters the carbohydrate metabolism, peroxidase activity and growth of cassava cuttings cultivated in vitro.

A influência de estresse induzido por cloreto de sódio (75 e 150 mM) sobre o conteúdo de carboidratos solúveis e atividade da peroxidase, foi estudada em plântulas de mandioca cultivadas in vitro. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade da peroxidase diminuiu gradualmente durante o crescimento de plântulas em todos os tratamentos. O conteúdo de açúcares redutores foi menor em plântulas submetidas a 75 mM de NaCl, nas fases mais adiantadas do desenvolvimento, em comparação com a dose mais elevada do sal (150 mM de NaCl) ou sua omissão. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o NaCl alterou o metabolismo de carboidratos, atividade da peroxidase e o crescimento de plântulas cultivadas in vitro.

Alterações na atividade da peroxidase e do conteúdo de carboidratos em mandioca cultivada in vitro sob estresse salino

The influence of sodium chloride induced stress (75 and 150 mM) on soluble carboydrate content and peroxidase activity was studied in cassava cuttings cultivated in vitro. The results showed that peroxidase activity decresead gradually during growth in all treatments. The reducing and total sugar contents were lower in cuttings submitted to 75 mM NaCl during the late phases of development as compared to higher doses of salt (150 mM NaCl) or on its absence. The results indicated that NaCl alters the carbohydrate metabolism, peroxidase activity and growth of cassava cuttings cultivated in vitro.

A influência de estresse induzido por cloreto de sódio (75 e 150 mM) sobre o conteúdo de carboidratos solúveis e atividade da peroxidase, foi estudada em plântulas de mandioca cultivadas in vitro. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade da peroxidase diminuiu gradualmente durante o crescimento de plântulas em todos os tratamentos. O conteúdo de açúcares redutores foi menor em plântulas submetidas a 75 mM de NaCl, nas fases mais adiantadas do desenvolvimento, em comparação com a dose mais elevada do sal (150 mM de NaCl) ou sua omissão. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o NaCl alterou o metabolismo de carboidratos, atividade da peroxidase e o crescimento de plântulas cultivadas in vitro.