Pharmacological screening of mucus produced by the pacamã fish, Lophiosilurus alexandri / Triagem farmacológica de muco produzido pelo pacamã, Lophiosilurus alexandri

Recently, fish byproducts have been appraised as a source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. In this context, fish mucus has revealed a myriad of pharmacological activities. This study describes a new bioactive molecule release system composed of protein nanoparticles from pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) mucus, an endemic fish to the São Francisco River (Brazil). The process of obtaining and applying these nanoparticles, composed of proteins present in the pacamã mucus, as biocompatible carriers of bioactive molecules is also addressed herein. Therefore, the external mucus of the fish was collected, lyophilized and hydrated in deionized water containing the template molecule. After pH adjustment to 7.5, followed by sonication and centrifugation, the formed nanoparticles were collected in the supernatant. Additionally, the mucus and the particles were characterized, and pharmacological effects were evaluated regarding their antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, anti or pro-inflammatory and antinociceptive proprieties. NP-Mucus did not exhibit antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus. However, it showed potential effects against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 µg/mL, and significant pro-inflammatory role, reflected by cellular recruitment activity and healing effects. Therefore, future studies are now needed in order to identify specific compounds in NP-mucus responsible for the observed effects in order to provide new pharmacological and therapeutic strategies.(AU)

Recentemente, os subprodutos de peixes foram avaliados como uma fonte de compostos bioativos estruturalmente diversos. Nesse contexto, o muco dos peixes revelou uma miríade de atividades farmacológicas. Este estudo descreve um novo sistema de liberação de moléculas bioativas compostas por nanopartículas de proteínas do muco do pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri), um peixe do Rio São Francisco (Brasil). O processo de obtenção e aplicação dessas nanopartículas, compostas por proteínas presentes no muco do pacamã, como carreadores biocompatíveis de moléculas bioativas também são abordados neste artigo. Para tanto, o muco externo dos peixes foi coletado, liofilizado e hidratado em água deionizada contendo a molécula template. Após ajuste do pH para 7,5, seguido de sonicação e centrifugação, as nanopartículas formadas foram coletadas no sobrenadante. Adicionalmente, foram caracterizados o muco e as partículas, sendo avaliados os efeitos farmacológicos quanto às propriedades antifúngicas, antibacterianas, anticancerígenas, anti ou pró-inflamatórias e antinociceptivas. NP-Mucus não exibiu atividade antibacteriana contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa ou Staphylococcus aureus. No entanto, apresentou efeitos potenciais contra Candida albicans com concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) de 1 µg/mL, além de importante papel próinflamatório, refletido pela atividade de recrutamento celular e efeitos cicatrizantes. Portanto, estudos são necessários para identificar compostos no NP-muco responsáveis pelos efeitos observados, a fim de fornecer novas estratégias farmacológicas e terapêuticas.(AU)

PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING OF MUCUS PRODUCED BY THE PACAMÃ FISH, Lophiosilurus alexandri

Recently, fish byproducts have been appraised as a source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. In this context, fish mucus has revealed a myriad of pharmacological activities. This study describes a new bioactive molecule release system composed of protein nanoparticles from pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) mucus, an endemic fish to the São Francisco River (Brazil). The process of obtaining and applying these nanoparticles, composed of proteins present in the pacamã mucus, as biocompatible carriers of bioactive molecules is also addressed herein. Therefore, the external mucus of the fish was collected, lyophilized and hydrated in deionized water containing the template molecule. After pH adjustment to 7.5, followed by sonication and centrifugation, the formed nanoparticles were collected in the supernatant. Additionally, the mucus and the particles were characterized, and pharmacological effects were evaluated regarding their antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, anti or pro-inflammatory and antinociceptive proprieties. NP-Mucus did not exhibit antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus. However, it showed potential effects against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 µg/mL, and significant pro-inflammatory role, reflected by cellular recruitment activity and healing effects. Therefore, future studies a

Pharmacological screening of mucus produced by the pacamã fish, Lophiosilurus alexandri / Triagem farmacológica de muco produzido pelo pacamã, Lophiosilurus alexandri

Recently, fish byproducts have been appraised as a source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. In this context, fish mucus has revealed a myriad of pharmacological activities. This study describes a new bioactive molecule release system composed of protein nanoparticles from pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) mucus, an endemic fish to the São Francisco River (Brazil). The process of obtaining and applying these nanoparticles, composed of proteins present in the pacamã mucus, as biocompatible carriers of bioactive molecules is also addressed herein. Therefore, the external mucus of the fish was collected, lyophilized and hydrated in deionized water containing the template molecule. After pH adjustment to 7.5, followed by sonication and centrifugation, the formed nanoparticles were collected in the supernatant. Additionally, the mucus and the particles were characterized, and pharmacological effects were evaluated regarding their antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, anti or pro-inflammatory and antinociceptive proprieties. NP-Mucus did not exhibit antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus. However, it showed potential effects against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 µg/mL, and significant pro-inflammatory role, reflected by cellular recruitment activity and healing effects. Therefore, future studies are now needed in order to identify specific compounds in NP-mucus responsible for the observed effects in order to provide new pharmacological and therapeutic strategies.

Recentemente, os subprodutos de peixes foram avaliados como uma fonte de compostos bioativos estruturalmente diversos. Nesse contexto, o muco dos peixes revelou uma miríade de atividades farmacológicas. Este estudo descreve um novo sistema de liberação de moléculas bioativas compostas por nanopartículas de proteínas do muco do pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri), um peixe do Rio São Francisco (Brasil). O processo de obtenção e aplicação dessas nanopartículas, compostas por proteínas presentes no muco do pacamã, como carreadores biocompatíveis de moléculas bioativas também são abordados neste artigo. Para tanto, o muco externo dos peixes foi coletado, liofilizado e hidratado em água deionizada contendo a molécula template. Após ajuste do pH para 7,5, seguido de sonicação e centrifugação, as nanopartículas formadas foram coletadas no sobrenadante. Adicionalmente, foram caracterizados o muco e as partículas, sendo avaliados os efeitos farmacológicos quanto às propriedades antifúngicas, antibacterianas, anticancerígenas, anti ou pró-inflamatórias e antinociceptivas. NP-Mucus não exibiu atividade antibacteriana contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa ou Staphylococcus aureus. No entanto, apresentou efeitos potenciais contra Candida albicans com concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) de 1 µg/mL, além de importante papel próinflamatório, refletido pela atividade de recrutamento celular e efeitos cicatrizantes. Portanto, estudos são necessários para identificar compostos no NP-muco responsáveis pelos efeitos observados, a fim de fornecer novas estratégias farmacológicas e terapêuticas.

Antinociception induced by artemisinin nanocapsule in a model of postoperative pain via spinal TLR4 inhibition.

Artemisinin (ART) was initially described for the control of inflammation and pain. However, the mechanisms involved with its antinociceptive effect are still poorly understood. Thus, this present study aimed to investigate the effect of ART in both free and nanocapsulated form on postoperative pain, as well as the participation of the spinal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in this process. Postoperative pain was induced using the skin/muscle incision retraction (SMIR) model in male Swiss mice. After 3 and 28 days of SMIR, the animals received an intrathecal injection of free or nanocapsulated ART, and the nociceptive threshold was evaluated by von Frey filament test. To evaluate the involvement of the microglia, astrocytes, and TLR4, minocycline (a microglia inhibitor), fluorocitrate (an astrocyte inhibitor), and Lipopolysaccharide Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS), a TLR4 antagonist, were intrathecally injected on the third day of SMIR. The levels of spinal TLR4 protein and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1-beta (IL-1ß) were quantified by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The results showed that free ART reduced postoperative pain (P < 0.001, F5,30 = 7.49, 16.66% for 1000 ng dose; and P < 0.01, F5,30 = 7.49, 14.58% for 500 ng dose) on the 3rd day of SMIR; while the ART nanocapsule had this effect on both the third (P < 0.001; F5,30 = 4.94; 43.75, 39.58 and 72.91% for the 250, 500 and 1000 ng doses, respectively) and 28th (P < 0.05; F5,30 = 7.71; 29.16 and 33.33% for the 500 and 1000 ng doses, respectively) day. The ART nanocapsule had a more potent and longer antinociceptive effect than free ART or morphine. Postoperative pain was also reduced by minocycline and LPS-RS. The ART nanocapsule also reduced the increased levels of TLR4, TNF-α, and IL-1ß induced by SMIR. These data suggest that the ART nanocapsule has a potent analgesic effect on postoperative pain at the spinal level, and this response involves the inhibition of TLR4 and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß.

Anti-inflammatory and immune properties of the peltatoside, isolated from the leaves of Annona crassiflora Mart., in a new experimental model zebrafish.

Establishing new animal models for the study of inflammation is very important in the process of discovering new drugs, since the inflammatory event is the basis of many pathological processes. Whereas rodent models have been the primary focus of inflammation research, we defend the zebrafish (Danio rerio) test as a feasible alternative for preclinical studies. Moreover, despite all the technological development already achieved by humanity, nature can still be considered a relevant source of new medicines. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of a substance isolated from the medicinal plant Annona crassilfora Mart, the peltatoside, in an inflammatory model of zebrafish. It was determined: (i) total leukocyte count in the coelomate exudate; (ii) N-acetyl-ß-d-glucuronidase (NAG); (iii) myeloperoxidase (MPO); (iv) and the histology of liver, intestine and mesentery. Peltotoside (25, 50 and 100 µg) and dexamethasone (25 µg) were administered intracelomatically (i.c.) 30 min before carrageenan (i.c.). Pretreatment with peltatoside at three doses significantly inhibited leukocyte recruitment in the coelomic cavity, and inhibited NAG and MPO activity against the action of Cg, in a similar manner as dexamethasone. However, some microlesions in the evaluated organs were detected. The dose of 25 µg showed an anti-inflammatory effect with lower undesirable effects in the tissues. Our results suggest that the zebrafish test was satisfactory in performing our analyzes and that the peltotoside has a modulatory action in reducing leukocyte migration.

Eficácia in vitro do spinosad contra Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) / In vitro effectiveness of spinosad against Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Com a expansão avícola industrial, Alphitobius diaperinus tem se apresentado mundialmente como uma das principais pragas da avicultura moderna. Destacam-se inúmeros prejuízos, entre eles, redução no ganho de peso e veiculação de agentes potencialmente patogênicos entre as aves. Medidas de controle sanitário envolvendo o manejo correto do substrato utilizado como cama para as aves e tratamento das instalações têm sido pesquisadas e aplicadas. Em busca de novas alternativas para o controle de A. diaperinus, avaliou-se, neste estudo, a ação do Spinosad produto da síntese da fermentação aeróbica de um fungo actinomiceto presente no solo, Sacharopolyspora spinosa. Para tanto, dois experimentos “in vitro” foram conduzidos, o primeiro utilizando-se tratamento direto dos coleópteros em placas de petri e o segundo, em condições simuladas de “cama de aves” utilizando-se a casca de arroz. Os estudos em placas de petri revelaram percentuais de eficácia de 99,67% e 99,33% no controle de adultos 24º dias após tratamento (DPT), bem como 97,0% e 96,0% no controle de larvas (24ºDPT), respectivamente para o tratamento com Spinosad nas concentrações de 400ppm e 250ppm. A aplicação do 250 ppm Spinosad na casca de arroz resultou em percentuais de eficácia superiores (74,39%, 76,92% e 77,82% nos 16ºDPT, 23ºDPT e 30ºDPT, respectivamente) quando comparados ao tratamento com 400ppm (68,51%, 68,18% e 70,55% nos 16ºDPT, 23ºDPT e 30ºDPT, respectivamente), apesar de não ter sido observada diferença estatística significativa entre estes achados (P>0,05). Portanto, verificou-se neste estudo que o Spinosad, nas concentrações de 400ppm e 250ppm, via spray, mostrou-se eficaz tanto aplicado diretamente sobre A. diaperinus (adultos e larvas) ou quando dispersados em casca de arroz parasitada.(AU)

With the expansion of industrial poultry, Alphitobius diaperinus represents one of the main pests of modern for poultry production in the world. Numerous losses stand out, such as: reduction in weight gain and transmission of pathogens among birds.. Sanitary control measures with correct handling of the substrate used as litter and treatment of facilities have been researched and applied. In search of a new alternative for the control of A. diaperinus, in this study, the action of Spinosad, synthesis of the aerobic fermentation of an actinomycete fungus present in the soil, Sacharopolyspora spinosa, was evaluated. For this purpose, two "in vitro" experiments were conducted, the first using direct treatment of the coleoptera in petri dishes and the second, under simulated conditions of "poultry litter" using the rice husk. Petri dish studies revealed 99.67% and 99.33% efficacy percentages for adult control (24DPT), as well as 97.0% and 96.0% for larvae control (24º Days post-treatment- DPT) respectively for treatment with Spinosad in concentrations of 400ppm and 250ppm. The application of 250 ppm Spinosad in the rice husk resulted in higher efficacy percentages (74.39%, 76.92% and 77.82% in the 16ºDPT, 23ºDPT and 30ºDPT, respectively) when compared to the 400ppm treatment (68.51 %, 68.18% and 70.55% in the 16th PDT, 23rd PDT and 30th PDT, respectively), although no statistically significant difference was observed between these findings (P> 0.05). Therefore,it was observed that Spinosad in concentrations of 400ppm and 250ppm, via spray, showed efficacy when applied directly on A. diaperinus (adults and larvae) or dispersed in parasitized rice husks.(AU)

ZEBRAFISH MODEL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COVID-19 RAPID TEST

In order to search for new alternatives for rapid tests, our research group prospected a strategy to develop a rapid COVID-19 patient detection and tracking kit, using zebrafish model

Eficácia in vitro do spinosad contra Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) / In vitro effectiveness of spinosad against Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Com a expansão avícola industrial, Alphitobius diaperinus tem se apresentado mundialmente como uma das principais pragas da avicultura moderna. Destacam-se inúmeros prejuízos, entre eles, redução no ganho de peso e veiculação de agentes potencialmente patogênicos entre as aves. Medidas de controle sanitário envolvendo o manejo correto do substrato utilizado como cama para as aves e tratamento das instalações têm sido pesquisadas e aplicadas. Em busca de novas alternativas para o controle de A. diaperinus, avaliou-se, neste estudo, a ação do Spinosad produto da síntese da fermentação aeróbica de um fungo actinomiceto presente no solo, Sacharopolyspora spinosa. Para tanto, dois experimentos “in vitro” foram conduzidos, o primeiro utilizando-se tratamento direto dos coleópteros em placas de petri e o segundo, em condições simuladas de “cama de aves” utilizando-se a casca de arroz. Os estudos em placas de petri revelaram percentuais de eficácia de 99,67% e 99,33% no controle de adultos 24º dias após tratamento (DPT), bem como 97,0% e 96,0% no controle de larvas (24ºDPT), respectivamente para o tratamento com Spinosad nas concentrações de 400ppm e 250ppm. A aplicação do 250 ppm Spinosad na casca de arroz resultou em percentuais de eficácia superiores (74,39%, 76,92% e 77,82% nos 16ºDPT, 23ºDPT e 30ºDPT, respectivamente) quando comparados ao tratamento com 400ppm (68,51%, 68,18% e 70,55% nos 16ºDPT, 23ºDPT e 30ºDPT, respectivamente), apesar de não ter sido observada diferença estatística significativa entre estes achados (P>0,05). Portanto, verificou-se neste estudo que o Spinosad, nas concentrações de 400ppm e 250ppm, via spray, mostrou-se eficaz tanto aplicado diretamente sobre A. diaperinus (adultos e larvas) ou quando dispersados em casca de arroz parasitada.

With the expansion of industrial poultry, Alphitobius diaperinus represents one of the main pests of modern for poultry production in the world. Numerous losses stand out, such as: reduction in weight gain and transmission of pathogens among birds.. Sanitary control measures with correct handling of the substrate used as litter and treatment of facilities have been researched and applied. In search of a new alternative for the control of A. diaperinus, in this study, the action of Spinosad, synthesis of the aerobic fermentation of an actinomycete fungus present in the soil, Sacharopolyspora spinosa, was evaluated. For this purpose, two "in vitro" experiments were conducted, the first using direct treatment of the coleoptera in petri dishes and the second, under simulated conditions of "poultry litter" using the rice husk. Petri dish studies revealed 99.67% and 99.33% efficacy percentages for adult control (24DPT), as well as 97.0% and 96.0% for larvae control (24º Days post-treatment- DPT) respectively for treatment with Spinosad in concentrations of 400ppm and 250ppm. The application of 250 ppm Spinosad in the rice husk resulted in higher efficacy percentages (74.39%, 76.92% and 77.82% in the 16ºDPT, 23ºDPT and 30ºDPT, respectively) when compared to the 400ppm treatment (68.51 %, 68.18% and 70.55% in the 16th PDT, 23rd PDT and 30th PDT, respectively), although no statistically significant difference was observed between these findings (P> 0.05). Therefore,it was observed that Spinosad in concentrations of 400ppm and 250ppm, via spray, showed efficacy when applied directly on A. diaperinus (adults and larvae) or dispersed in parasitized rice husks.

Insecticidal efficacy of aqueous extracts of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides on adults of Alphitobius diaperinus / Eficácia inseticida de extratos aquosos do Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus

Seeking alternative strategies for health management to control mealworm in poultry barns, in vitro study evaluated the insecticide effect of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8%. To study insecticidal effects was designed an experiment containing groups with 20 adults in 3 replicates for each treatment, evaluating the mortality percentage of 1, 3, 16 and 24 hours after treatment with counting of live and dead adults. Greater insecticidal effect was observed in treated mealworm with 8 % of R. communis aqueous extract (59.0%) compared to C. ambrosioides and B. trimera which had percentages of mortality of 44.6% and 0.0% at the same concentration, respectively. The aqueous extracts of R. communis and C. ambrosioides at 8% showed promising results for the control of adults mealworm. However, pharmacological studies must be designed to determine strategies and formulations for viable application of these extracts in poultry facilities, as well as to determinate the formulations stability, clinical and environmental safety treatments.(AU)

Na expectativa de buscar estratégias alternativas de manejo sanitário para controle do cascudinho em aviários, este estudo avaliou a eficácia inseticida in vitro dos extratos de Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus. Os extratos foram testados nas concentrações de 0, 2, 4 e 8%. Para avaliação inseticida foi delineado experimento contendo grupos de 20 adultos de cascudinhos em três repetições para cada tratamento, avaliando-se o percentual de mortalidade 1, 3, 16 e 24 h após o tratamento, com contagem dos adultos vivos e mortos. Foi possível observar maior efeito inseticida na formulação de extrato aquoso 8% do R. communis (59,0%), comparativamente ao C. ambrosioides e B. trimera que apresentaram percentuais de mortalidade de 44,6% e 0,0% na mesma concentração, respectivamente. Os extratos aquosos de R. communis e C. ambrosioides a 8% demonstraram resultados promissores para o controle de adultos de cascudinho. Contudo, estudos farmacológicos devem ser delineados visando determinar estratégias e formulações viáveis para aplicação destes extratos em aviários, assim como, defenir a estabilidade das formulações, segurança clínica e ambiental dos tratamentos.(AU)

Insecticidal efficacy of aqueous extracts of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides on adults of Alphitobius diaperinus / Eficácia inseticida de extratos aquosos do Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus

Seeking alternative strategies for health management to control mealworm in poultry barns, in vitro study evaluated the insecticide effect of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8%. To study insecticidal effects was designed an experiment containing groups with 20 adults in 3 replicates for each treatment, evaluating the mortality percentage of 1, 3, 16 and 24 hours after treatment with counting of live and dead adults. Greater insecticidal effect was observed in treated mealworm with 8 % of R. communis aqueous extract (59.0%) compared to C. ambrosioides and B. trimera which had percentages of mortality of 44.6% and 0.0% at the same concentration, respectively. The aqueous extracts of R. communis and C. ambrosioides at 8% showed promising results for the control of adults mealworm. However, pharmacological studies must be designed to determine strategies and formulations for viable application of these extracts in poultry facilities, as well as to determinate the formulations stability, clinical and environmental safety treatments.

Na expectativa de buscar estratégias alternativas de manejo sanitário para controle do cascudinho em aviários, este estudo avaliou a eficácia inseticida in vitro dos extratos de Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus. Os extratos foram testados nas concentrações de 0, 2, 4 e 8%. Para avaliação inseticida foi delineado experimento contendo grupos de 20 adultos de cascudinhos em três repetições para cada tratamento, avaliando-se o percentual de mortalidade 1, 3, 16 e 24 h após o tratamento, com contagem dos adultos vivos e mortos. Foi possível observar maior efeito inseticida na formulação de extrato aquoso 8% do R. communis (59,0%), comparativamente ao C. ambrosioides e B. trimera que apresentaram percentuais de mortalidade de 44,6% e 0,0% na mesma concentração, respectivamente. Os extratos aquosos de R. communis e C. ambrosioides a 8% demonstraram resultados promissores para o controle de adultos de cascudinho. Contudo, estudos farmacológicos devem ser delineados visando determinar estratégias e formulações viáveis para aplicação destes extratos em aviários, assim como, defenir a estabilidade das formulações, segurança clínica e ambiental dos tratamentos.

INSECTICIDAL EFFICACY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera AND Chenopodium ambrosioides ON ADULTS OF Alphitobius diaperinus

Seeking alternative strategies for health management to control mealworm in poultry barns, in vitro study evaluated the insecticide effect of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8%. To study insecticidal effects was designed an experiment containing groups with 20 adults in 3 replicates for each treatment, evaluating the mortality percentage of 1, 3, 16 and 24 hours after treatment with counting of live and dead adults. Greater insecticidal effect was observed in treated mealworm with 8 % of R. communis aqueous extract (59.0%) compared to C. ambrosioides and B. trimera which had percentages of mortality of 44.6% and 0.0% at the same concentration, respectively. The aqueous extracts of R. communis and C. ambrosioides at 8% showed promising results for the control of adults mealworm. However, pharmacological studies must be designed to determine strategies and formulations for viable application of these extracts in poultry facilities, as well as to determinate the formulations stability, clinical and environmental safety treatments.

IN VITRO TOXICITY OF CYPERMETHRIN AND DELTAMETHRIN ON THE CATTLE TICK Rhipicephalus microplus

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of cypermethrin 15% and deltamethrin 25% of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus, using immersion test of engorged females (ITEF) and impregnated Pasteur pipette (PIPT). The following dilutions were used: T1 =1/1000 mL (v/v), T2 = 2/1000 mL, T3 = 4/1000 mL and T4 = 8/1000 mL, respecting the dosages prescribed by the manufacturers for both pyrethroids. The Experiment I used adult females, and the acaricidal efficacy was tested on engorged females, that were collected separately from ten dairy herds in the Descalvado region, SP. The data revealed that the efficacy for cypermethrin ranged from 0.0 to 95.9% and for deltamethrin was 34.4% to 99.2%. We have observed that the efficacy of deltamethrin and cypermethrin was higher than 95%, in only four farms. Treatment with cypermethrin at 8/1000 mL dilution resulted in 100% of efficacy against larvae after 120 minutes. Deltamethrin at 8/1000 mL dilution resulted in 100% of larvae exhibiting paralysis after 60 minutes. The data revealed that the efficacy for cypermethrin ranged from 0.0% to 95.9% and for deltamethrin was 34.4% to 99.2%. We have observed that the efficacy of deltamethrin and cypermethrin was higher than 95%, in only four farms. The experiment II used the PIPT against larvae and the efficacy of the same products was checked at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 360 and 720 m

In vitro toxicity of cypermethrin and deltamethrin on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus / Toxicidade in vitro da cipermetrina e deltametrina sobre o carrapato-do-boi, Rhipicephalus microplus

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of cypermethrin 15% and deltamethrin 25% of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus, using immersion test of engorged females (ITEF) and impregnated Pasteur pipette (PIPT). The following dilutions were used: T1 =1/1000 mL (v/v), T2 = 2/1000 mL, T3 = 4/1000 mL and T4 = 8/1000 mL, respecting the dosages prescribed by the manufacturers for both pyrethroids. The Experiment I used adult females, and the acaricidal efficacy was tested on engorged females, that were collected separately from ten dairy herds in the Descalvado region, SP. The data revealed that the efficacy for cypermethrin ranged from 0.0 to 95.9% and for deltamethrin was 34.4% to 99.2%. We have observed that the efficacy of deltamethrin and cypermethrin was higher than 95%, in only four farms. Treatment with cypermethrin at 8/1000 mL dilution resulted in 100% of efficacy against larvae after 120 minutes. Deltamethrin at 8/1000 mL dilution resulted in 100% of larvae exhibiting paralysis after 60 minutes. The data revealed that the efficacy for cypermethrin ranged from 0.0% to 95.9% and for deltamethrin was 34.4% to 99.2%. We have observed that the efficacy of deltamethrin and cypermethrin was higher than 95%, in only four farms. The experiment II used the PIPT against larvae and the efficacy of the same products was checked at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 360 and 720 min post-treatment. Treatment with cypermethrin at 8/1000 mL dilution, resulted in 100% efficacy against larvae after 60 min and 100% of larvae treated with deltamethrin presented paralysis 30 min post-treatment with the dilution of 8/1000 mL. Although both pyrethroids were 100% efficacious against larvae, the low percentage of adulticidal efficacy confirms the existence of resistant strains of this tick species.[...](AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de cipermetrina 15% e de deltametrina 25%, contra cepas do carrapato-do-boi Rhipicephalus microplus, utilizando as técnicas de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas (TIFI) e da pipeta Pasteur impregnada (TPPI). Respeitando-se as dosagens prescritas pelos fabricantes para ambos os fármacos, foram utilizadas as seguintes diluições T1: 1/1000 mL (v/v), T2= 2/1000 mL, T3 = 4/1000 mL, T4 = 8/1000 mL. No experimento I, o TIFI foi utilizado em fêmeas adultas ingurgitadas, colhidas separadamente em dez propriedades na bacia leiteira da região de Descalvado, SP. Os resultados revelaram que eficácia da cipermetrina variou entre 0,0% e 95,9% e para a deltametrina foi de 34,4% a 99,2%. Observou-se que a eficácia >95% da deltametrina e cipermetrina sobre o carrapato, ocorreu em apenas quatro propriedades. No experimento II, com larvas, o TPPI foi utilizado para determinar a eficácia larvicida dos mesmos produtos por meio da perda de motilidade das larvas, nos tempos 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 360 e 720 minutos pós-tratamento. O tratamento com cipermetrina na diluição de 8/1000 mL resultou em 100% de eficácia contra larvas após 120 minutos. A deltametrina causou paralisia de 100% das larvas após 60 minutos na diluição de 8/1000 mL. Apesar de ambos os piretróides apresentarem 100% de eficácia contra larvas, o baixo percentual de eficácia adulticida comprovou a existência de cepas resistentes destes ácaros. [...](AU)

Seroepidemiological survey of equine infectious anemia in Rondônia state, Brazil / Levantamento soroepidemiológico de anemia infecciosa equina no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

Based on the importance of equine infectious anemia (EIA), this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and report the occurrence rates of EIA through a seroepidemiological survey and evaluate the actions taken by the Agrosilvopastoral Defence Agency of the State of Rondônia (IDARON) from January 2014 to December 2015. There was a direct relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the number of horses in the different areas of the Rondonia. 7,729 properties were analyzed, in which 19,805 horses were examined, with a mean seropositivity for EIA of 1.15% in 2014 and 1.01% in 2015. Despite the low incidence of seropositive horses for the EIA virus, sanitary control procedures imposed by IDARON with the sacrifice of 95.97% of sick animals in 2014 and 90% in 2015 resulted in a decrease of 28.22% of positive animals between the years 2014 and 2015. Therefore, to achieve an effective reduction in the prevalence of this disease, all positive animals should be isolated and subsequently sacrificed, as they are disseminators of the disease. Many farmers, however, do not understand the real importance of the proliferation of EIA by the presence of carrier animals in the herds.(AU)

Com base na importância da Anemia infecciosa Equina (AIE), a presente investigação teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e relatar os índices de ocorrência de AIE por meio de levantamento soroepidemiológico e ações realizadas pela Agência de Defesa Agrosilvopastoril do Estado de Rondônia (IDARON) no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. Observou-se uma relação direta entre o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e o número de equinos nas diferentes regiões do estado de Rondônia. Foram analisadas 7.729 propriedades, nas quais 19.805 equinos foram examinados, obtendo-se uma soropositividade média de 1,15% em 2014 e 1,01% em 2015 para AIE. Apesar da baixa ocorrência de equinos sorologicamente positivos para o vírus da AIE, os procedimentos de controle sanitário impostos pela IDARON com o sacrifício dos animais enfermos 95,97% em 2014 e 90% em 2015 resultaram em diminuição de 28,22% de animais positivos entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Portanto, para se conseguir boa redução na prevalência dessa enfermidade, todo o animal positivo deve ser sacrificado, por ser disseminador da doença. Embora inúmeros criadores, não entendam a real importância para a disseminação da AIE nos plantéis pela presença de animais portadores.(AU)

Seroepidemiological survey of equine infectious anemia in Rondônia state, Brazil / Levantamento soroepidemiológico de anemia infecciosa equina no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

Based on the importance of equine infectious anemia (EIA), this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and report the occurrence rates of EIA through a seroepidemiological survey and evaluate the actions taken by the Agrosilvopastoral Defence Agency of the State of Rondônia (IDARON) from January 2014 to December 2015. There was a direct relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the number of horses in the different areas of the Rondonia. 7,729 properties were analyzed, in which 19,805 horses were examined, with a mean seropositivity for EIA of 1.15% in 2014 and 1.01% in 2015. Despite the low incidence of seropositive horses for the EIA virus, sanitary control procedures imposed by IDARON with the sacrifice of 95.97% of sick animals in 2014 and 90% in 2015 resulted in a decrease of 28.22% of positive animals between the years 2014 and 2015. Therefore, to achieve an effective reduction in the prevalence of this disease, all positive animals should be isolated and subsequently sacrificed, as they are disseminators of the disease. Many farmers, however, do not understand the real importance of the proliferation of EIA by the presence of carrier animals in the herds.

Com base na importância da Anemia infecciosa Equina (AIE), a presente investigação teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e relatar os índices de ocorrência de AIE por meio de levantamento soroepidemiológico e ações realizadas pela Agência de Defesa Agrosilvopastoril do Estado de Rondônia (IDARON) no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. Observou-se uma relação direta entre o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e o número de equinos nas diferentes regiões do estado de Rondônia. Foram analisadas 7.729 propriedades, nas quais 19.805 equinos foram examinados, obtendo-se uma soropositividade média de 1,15% em 2014 e 1,01% em 2015 para AIE. Apesar da baixa ocorrência de equinos sorologicamente positivos para o vírus da AIE, os procedimentos de controle sanitário impostos pela IDARON com o sacrifício dos animais enfermos 95,97% em 2014 e 90% em 2015 resultaram em diminuição de 28,22% de animais positivos entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Portanto, para se conseguir boa redução na prevalência dessa enfermidade, todo o animal positivo deve ser sacrificado, por ser disseminador da doença. Embora inúmeros criadores, não entendam a real importância para a disseminação da AIE nos plantéis pela presença de animais portadores.

In vitro toxicity of cypermethrin and deltamethrin on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus / Toxicidade in vitro da cipermetrina e deltametrina sobre o carrapato-do-boi, Rhipicephalus microplus

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of cypermethrin 15% and deltamethrin 25% of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus, using immersion test of engorged females (ITEF) and impregnated Pasteur pipette (PIPT). The following dilutions were used: T1 =1/1000 mL (v/v), T2 = 2/1000 mL, T3 = 4/1000 mL and T4 = 8/1000 mL, respecting the dosages prescribed by the manufacturers for both pyrethroids. The Experiment I used adult females, and the acaricidal efficacy was tested on engorged females, that were collected separately from ten dairy herds in the Descalvado region, SP. The data revealed that the efficacy for cypermethrin ranged from 0.0 to 95.9% and for deltamethrin was 34.4% to 99.2%. We have observed that the efficacy of deltamethrin and cypermethrin was higher than 95%, in only four farms. Treatment with cypermethrin at 8/1000 mL dilution resulted in 100% of efficacy against larvae after 120 minutes. Deltamethrin at 8/1000 mL dilution resulted in 100% of larvae exhibiting paralysis after 60 minutes. The data revealed that the efficacy for cypermethrin ranged from 0.0% to 95.9% and for deltamethrin was 34.4% to 99.2%. We have observed that the efficacy of deltamethrin and cypermethrin was higher than 95%, in only four farms. The experiment II used the PIPT against larvae and the efficacy of the same products was checked at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 360 and 720 min post-treatment. Treatment with cypermethrin at 8/1000 mL dilution, resulted in 100% efficacy against larvae after 60 min and 100% of larvae treated with deltamethrin presented paralysis 30 min post-treatment with the dilution of 8/1000 mL. Although both pyrethroids were 100% efficacious against larvae, the low percentage of adulticidal efficacy confirms the existence of resistant strains of this tick species.[...]

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de cipermetrina 15% e de deltametrina 25%, contra cepas do carrapato-do-boi Rhipicephalus microplus, utilizando as técnicas de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas (TIFI) e da pipeta Pasteur impregnada (TPPI). Respeitando-se as dosagens prescritas pelos fabricantes para ambos os fármacos, foram utilizadas as seguintes diluições T1: 1/1000 mL (v/v), T2= 2/1000 mL, T3 = 4/1000 mL, T4 = 8/1000 mL. No experimento I, o TIFI foi utilizado em fêmeas adultas ingurgitadas, colhidas separadamente em dez propriedades na bacia leiteira da região de Descalvado, SP. Os resultados revelaram que eficácia da cipermetrina variou entre 0,0% e 95,9% e para a deltametrina foi de 34,4% a 99,2%. Observou-se que a eficácia >95% da deltametrina e cipermetrina sobre o carrapato, ocorreu em apenas quatro propriedades. No experimento II, com larvas, o TPPI foi utilizado para determinar a eficácia larvicida dos mesmos produtos por meio da perda de motilidade das larvas, nos tempos 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 360 e 720 minutos pós-tratamento. O tratamento com cipermetrina na diluição de 8/1000 mL resultou em 100% de eficácia contra larvas após 120 minutos. A deltametrina causou paralisia de 100% das larvas após 60 minutos na diluição de 8/1000 mL. Apesar de ambos os piretróides apresentarem 100% de eficácia contra larvas, o baixo percentual de eficácia adulticida comprovou a existência de cepas resistentes destes ácaros. [...]