La bronquiolitis grave en lactantes menores de seis meses es un factor de riesgo para las sibilancias recurrentes / Severe bronchiolitis in infants under six months is a major risk factor for recurrent wheezing

Introducción y objetivos: diversos factores de riesgo se han asociado con las sibilancias recurrentes después de la bronquiolitis aguda (BA). El objetivo es conocer los factores de riesgo asociados con las sibilancias recurrentes en lactantes (menores de seis meses) previamente sanos hospitalizados con BA en nuestro medio. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, retrospectivo desde enero de 2009 hasta diciembre 2010. Se incluyeron 80 pacientes. Resultados: la media de edad de los niños fue de 69±42 (rango 7-180) días. En el análisis crudo de riesgo relativo (RR) se obtuvo un aumento del RR de sibilancias recurrentes en los pacientes que acudían la guardería (p=0,03; RR: 1,9; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 1,1 a 3,3), aquellos con hermanos mayores (p=0,03; RR: 2,2; IC 95%: 0,9 a 5,1), pacientes con necesidad de sistemas de alto flujo humidificado y calentado (p=0,05; RR: 2,1; IC 95%: 1,3 a 3,6), ingresados en Cuidados Intensivos (p=0,01; RR: 2,5; IC 95%: 1,06 a 3,08), y con ventilación mecánica (p=0,05; RR: 2,7; IC 95%: 2,0 a 3,7). Tras el análisis multivariante, la asistencia a guardería (odds ratio [OR]: 6,06; IC 95%: 1,4 a 25; p=0,013) y tener hermanos mayores (OR: 4,1; IC 95%: 1,1 a 14,5; p=0,029) resultaron ser factores de riesgo independientes para las sibilancias recurrentes. Conclusiones: la asistencia a la guardería y tener hermanos mayores se asociaron de forma independiente con el diagnóstico de sibilancias recurrentes. Se sugiere que la gravedad de la bronquiolitis es un factor de riesgo notable para desarrollar sibilancias recurrentes un año después de la BA (AU)

Background: several individual and epidemiological risk factors have been associated with recurrent wheezing after acute bronchiolitis (AB). Few research studies focus on very young infants under six months old. Objectives: to find what risk factors are associated with recurrent wheezing in young infants (<6 month-old) hospitalized with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis (AB) at our setting. Material and methods: a prospective-retrospective, observational study was designed and carried out from January 2009 to December 2011 in a secondary care hospital. Eighty previously healthy patients aged 7-180 days, hospitalized with a first episode of acute moderate AB, were studied. Results: the mean age of infants was 69±42 (range 7-180) days. Crude analysis of relative risk (RR) for recurrent wheezing showed an increased RR in males (p=0.05, RR=1.7 CI 95%: 0.9-3.1), patients in daycare (p=0.03, RR=1.9 CI 95%: 1.1-3.3), with elder siblings (p=0.03, RR=2.2 CI 95%: 0.9-5.1), high-flow therapy (p=0.05, RR=2.1 CI 95%: 1.3-3.6), critical care (p=0.01, RR=2.5 CI 95%: 1.6-3.8), and mechanical ventilation (p=0.05, RR=2.7 CI 95%: 2.0-3.7). After multivariate analysis, daycare attention (OR: 6.06, CI 95%: 1.4-25; p=0.013) and having elder siblings (OR: 4.1, CI 95% 1.1-14.5, p=0.029) were found to be independent risk factors for recurrent wheezing. Conclusions: daycare attendance and having elder siblings were independently associated with recurrent wheezing. We suggest that severity of bronchiolitis (needing PICU, high flow therapy and mechanical ventilation) is a remarkable risk factor for recurrent wheezing one year after AB (AU)

Brote de 22 casos de sarampión autóctono en la zona norte de Madrid / Outbreak of measles in the population of Spanish origin in North Madrid

Tras estar prácticamente erradicado en Europa, en los últimos 3 años han aparecido miles de casos de sarampión autóctono. Se describen los casos ocurridos en la zona norte de Madrid (enero-junio de 2011).Se informa de 22 casos, 18 de ellos agrupados en 2 brotes (2 escuelas infantiles). La tasa de ataque del principal fue del 29%.Todos fueron en pacientes no vacunados (mediana=14 meses). El genotipo predominante fue el D4 (95%). Hubo un 45% de complicaciones y un 45% de ingresos. El Servicio de Salud Pública recomendó aislar a los casos y vacunó anticipadamente a los contactos susceptibles. En los centros sanitarios se estableció un circuito específico para atender a los casos sospechosos. Se ha adelantado la vacunación triple vírica de los 15 a los 12 meses en la Comunidad de Madrid. El sarampión es una enfermedad re-emergente en Europa. El manejo coordinado entre Salud Pública y los centros asistenciales es fundamental para limitar los brotes(AU)

After being virtually eradicated in Europe, thousands of cases of measles in the population of Spanish origin have appeared in the last 3 years. We describe the cases diagnosed in the north of Madrid between January and June 2011. A total of 22 cases are reported, 18 of them grouped in 2 outbreaks (2 nurseries). The primary attack rate was 29% in the main outbreak. All cases were in unvaccinated patients (median = 14 months). Genotype D4 was predominant (95%). There was a 45% complication rate and 45% were admitted to hospitals. The Public Health Service recommended isolating cases and vaccinating susceptible contacts in advance. Health Centres established a specific protocol to respond to suspected cases. The Measles vaccination has been brought forward from 15 to 12 months in Madrid. Measles is a re-emerging disease in Europe. The coordinated management between public health and health facilities is essential to limiting outbreaks(AU)

[Outbreak of measles in the population of Spanish origin in North Madrid]. / Brote de 22 casos de sarampión autóctono en la zona norte de Madrid.

After being virtually eradicated in Europe, thousands of cases of measles in the population of Spanish origin have appeared in the last 3 years. We describe the cases diagnosed in the north of Madrid between January and June 2011. A total of 22 cases are reported, 18 of them grouped in 2 outbreaks (2 nurseries). The primary attack rate was 29% in the main outbreak. All cases were in unvaccinated patients (median = 14 months). Genotype D4 was predominant (95%). There was a 45% complication rate and 45% were admitted to hospitals. The Public Health Service recommended isolating cases and vaccinating susceptible contacts in advance. Health Centres established a specific protocol to respond to suspected cases. The Measles vaccination has been brought forward from 15 to 12 months in Madrid. Measles is a re-emerging disease in Europe. The coordinated management between public health and health facilities is essential to limiting outbreaks.

Parotiditis aguda supurativa neonatal / Acute neonatal suppurative parotitis

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[Experience with the impression cytology test for detecting vitamin A deficiency in children]. / Nuestra experiencia con el test de impresión citológica para detectar deficiencia de vitamina A en niños.

Impression cytology has been suggested as a relatively simple, cheap, practical and non invasive technique for documenting physiologically significant vitamin A deficiency. The vitamin A status of 41 patients was evaluated by serum retinol concentration by high power liquid chromatography (HPLC) and conjunctival impression cytology was performed on each child. All children with normal vitamin A status had normal conjunctival impression cytology. The sensibility of this method was 100%. However, in the 8 vitamin A deficient patients by impression cytology, only 6 of them showed low serum vitamin A levels. Impression cytology appears to detect preclinical vitamin A deficiency that this technique may by of potential usefulness as a screening tool for preclinical vitamin A deficiency populations.