Characterization and modulation of voltage-gated potassium channels in human lymphocytes in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: It is known that the immune system is dysregulated in schizophrenia, having a state similar to chronic neuroinflammation. The origin of this process is unknown, but it is known that T and B lymphocytes, which are components of the adaptive immune system, play an important role in the pathogenic mechanisms of schizophrenia. METHODS: We analysed the membrane of PBMCs from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia through proteomic analysis (n = 5 schizophrenia and n = 5 control). We found the presence of the Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel and its auxiliary subunit ß1 (KCNAB1) and ß2 (KCNAB2). From a sample of 90 participants, we carried out a study on lymphocytes with whole-cell patch-clamp experiments (n = 7 schizophrenia and n = 5 control), western blot (n = 40 schizophrenia and n = 40 control) and confocal microscopy to evaluate the presence and function of different channels. Kv in both cells. RESULTS: We demonstrated the overexpression of Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.6, Kv4.2, Kv4.3 and Kv7.2 channels in PBMCs from patients with schizophrenia. This study represents a groundbreaking exploration, as it involves an electrophysiological analysis performed on T and B lymphocytes from patients diagnosed of schizophrenia compared to healthy participants. We observed that B lymphocytes exhibited an increase in output current along with greater peak current amplitude and voltage conductance curves among patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the importance of the B lymphocyte in schizophrenia. We know that the immune system is altered in schizophrenia, but the physiological mechanisms of this system are not very well known. We suggest that the B lymphocyte may be relevant in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and that it should be investigated in more depth, opening a new field of knowledge and possibilities for new treatments combining antipsychotics and immunomodulators. The limitation is that all participants received antipsychotic medication, which may have influenced the differences observed between patients and controls. This implies that more studies need to be done where the groups can be separated according to the antipsychotic drug.

Social cognition and emotional rehabilitation in participants with schizofrenia.

Introduction: People with schizophrenia have deficits in social cognition, emotion and social perception, as well as attributional style. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a multicomponent social cognition training program, e-Motional Training® (ET), in people with schizophrenia and to compare its efficacy with people who did not receive it. Therefore, a single-blind RCT was conducted in participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Methods: A randomized, single-blind, clinical trial was conducted with 50 stable outparticipants with schizophrenia (registry number CHUC_2019_109). All participants (control and intervention) were treated with pharmacotherapy, case management and were on Individual Placement and Support methodology for competitive employment. The intervention group was treated with ET, an online program designed for social cognition rehabilitation. Pre and post assessment was performed using different battery of tests. General mixed models with subject identification and repeated measures over time were used. Results: Different pre and post measurements were performed in the two groups. No significant differences were found in sociodemographic characteristics between the control and intervention groups. Improvements were obtained in the intervention group in the Ekman test (p = 0.009), mainly enhanced by the improvement shown in three emotions: fear, sadness and disgust (p = 0.041, p = 0.021 and p = 0.038 respectively). Conclusion: ET is a promising online training tool for social cognition deficits in schizophrenia, in particular, for the improvement of emotions.Clinical Trial Registration: https://beta.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05866328.

Health and fitness trends in Southern Europe for 2023: A cross-sectional survey.

The physical activity, exercise and wellness sector is rapidly growing and seems to be an exciting field for business and professional development with great potential globally. The purpose of this observational and cross-sectional study was to determine the most popular health and fitness trends in Southern Europe for the first time, including data from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece and Cyprus, and to investigate any potential differences in this area compared to the Pan-European and global fitness trends for 2023. A national online survey was conducted in five Southern European countries, using the methodology of similar regional and worldwide surveys conducted by the American College of Sports Medicine since 2007. In total, a web-based questionnaire was sent to 19,887 professionals who worked in the Southern European physical activity, exercise and wellness sector. A total of 2645 responses were collected from five national surveys with an overall mean response rate of 13.3%. The ten most important fitness trends in Southern Europe for 2023 were personal training, licensure for fitness professionals, exercise is medicine, employing certified fitness professionals, functional fitness training, small group training, high-intensity interval training, fitness programs for older adults, post-rehabilitation classes and body weight training. The present findings are aligned with those reported for the European and worldwide fitness trends.

Emotion recognition through Spanish prosody in people with schizophrenia.

People with schizophrenia have deficits in the ability to identify emotions. An area of important dysfunction is the understanding of affective prosody, which can limit communication and social functionality. The objective of this study is to compare emotional recognition through prosody between a group of people with schizophrenia versus a control group without pathology, through the Reading the Mind in the Voice - Spanish Version scale (RMV-SV).

Reconocimiento de las emociones a través de la prosodia en español en personas con esquizofrenia / Emotion recognition through Spanish prosody in people with schizophrenia

Introducción: Las personas con esquizofrenia presentan déficits en lahabilidad para identificar emociones. Un área de importante disfunción es la comprensión de la prosodia afectiva, que puede limitar la comunicación y la funcionalidad social. Elobjetivo de este estudio es comparar el reconocimiento emocional a través de la prosodia entre un grupo de personas con esquizofrenia frente a un grupo control sin patología, através de la escala Reading the Mind in the Voice – SpanishVersion (RMV-SV).Metodología:Se reclutó un grupo de personas con esquizofrenia otrastorno esquizo-afectivo, clínicamente estables (n = 62).Se compararon con un grupo control (n = 63) en las características sociodemográficas, clínicas, el coeficiente intelectualy el rendimiento en la escala RMV-SV.Resultados:El grupo de casos presentó puntuaciones más bajas enla RMV-SV, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p< ,001) frente a los controles. En 17/22 ítems de respuestaserróneas, los enunciados contenían emociones negativas. Lacorrelación fue positiva entre RMV-SV y CI. Se correlacionó de forma inversa el RMV-SV y PANSS, principalmente lasubescala negativa, y la edad.Conclusiones:La escala RMV-SV, validada en autismo, permite detectarlas alteraciones del reconocimiento prosódico en español enla esquizofrenia, postulándose como una herramienta evaluadora de este dominio de la cognición social. (AU)

Introduction: People with schizophrenia have deficits in the ability toidentify emotions. An area of important dysfunction is theunderstanding of affective prosody, which can limit communication and social functionality. The objective of this studyis to compare emotional recognition through prosody between a group of people with schizophrenia versus a controlgroup without pathology, through the Reading the Mind inthe Voice - Spanish Version scale (RMV-SV).MethodA group of people with clinically stable schizophrenia orschizoaffective disorder was recruited (n = 62). They werecompared with a control group (n = 63) in sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, intelligence quotient, and performance on RMV-SV scale. ResultsThe case group presented lower scores on the RMV-SV,with statistically significant differences (p < .001) comparedto controls. In 17/22 items of wrong answers, the statementscontained negative emotions. The correlation was positivebetween RMV-SV and IQ. RMV-SV and PANSS, mainly thenegative subscale, and age were inversely correlated.ConclusionsThe RMV-SV scale, validated in autism, allows detectingthe alterations of prosodic recognition in Spanish in schizophrenia, postulating itself as an evaluating tool of this domain of social cognition. (AU)

Patients' Preference Between DPP4i and SGLT2i for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Evaluation.

Purpose: Despite newer type 2 diabetes (T2D) medications, patients do not always achieve metabolic targets, remaining at risk for cardiorenal complications. Therapeutic decisions are generally made by the healthcare team without considering patients' preferences. We aimed to evaluate patients' T2D treatment preference in two Latin-American countries between two different oral medication profiles, one resembling dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) and another resembling sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional, multicenter study from June to September 2020, patients with T2D from Argentina and Mexico (n = 390) completed a discrete choice experiment questionnaire to identify preferences between DPP4i (medication profile A) and SGLT2i (medication profile B). The reason behind patients' choice, and the association between their baseline characteristics and their preference were evaluated using logistic regression methods. Results: Most participants (88.2%) preferred SGLT2i's profile. Participants with older age (p = 0.0346), overweight or obesity (p < 0.0001), high blood pressure (BP; p < 0.0001), high total cholesterol (p = 0.0360), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7% (p = 0.0001) were more likely to choose SGLT2i compared with DPP4i's profile. The most and least important reasons to choose either drug profile were HbA1c reduction and genital infection risk, respectively. The likelihood of selecting the SGLT2i's profile significantly increased in participants with increased body mass index (BMI; odds ratio [OR] = 8.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.5-22.5, p < 0.05), high BP (OR = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.9-12.4, p < 0.05), and lower education level (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.0-12.6, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Latin-American patients with T2D preferred medication with a profile resembling SGLT2i over one resembling DPP4i as a treatment option. A patient-centered approach may aid the healthcare team in decision-making for improved outcomes.

Genome-Wide Analysis of Disordered Eating Behavior in the Mexican Population.

Alterations in eating behavior characterized eating disorders (ED). The genetic factors shared between ED diagnoses have been underexplored. The present study performed a genome-wide association study in individuals with disordered eating behaviors in the Mexican population, blood methylation quantitative trait loci (blood-meQTL), summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) analysis, and in silico function prediction by different algorithms. The analysis included a total of 1803 individuals. We performed a genome-wide association study and blood-meQTL analysis by logistic and linear regression. In addition, we analyzed in silico functional variant prediction, phenome-wide, and multi-tissue expression quantitative trait loci. The genome-wide association study identified 44 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated at a nominal value and seven blood-meQTL at a genome-wide threshold. The SNPs show enrichment in genome-wide associations of the metabolic and immunologic domains. In the in silico analysis, the SNP rs10419198 (p-value = 4.85 × 10-5) located on an enhancer mark could change the expression of PRR12 in blood, adipocytes, and brain areas that regulate food intake. Additionally, we found an association of DNA methylation levels of SETBP1 (p-value = 6.76 × 10-4) and SEMG1 (p-value = 5.73 × 10-4) by SMR analysis. The present study supports the previous associations of genetic variation in the metabolic domain with ED.

Usefulness of the optic nerve sheath ultrasound in patients with cessation of cerebral flow.

Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) ultrasound has proven to be a useful tool for the detection of intracranial hypertension (IH). The DVNO values, in patients with cessation of cerebral blood flow (CCBF), has not been clarified yet. OBJECTIVE: Establish an association between DVNO and CFSC in neurocritical patients admitted to an ICU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of patients admitted in a third level ICU, between April 2017 and April 2018, with neurological pathology. ONSD ultrasound was performed in the first 24 h and as the patient was diagnosed of CCBF. The ONSD values of patients with and without diagnosis of CCBF were compared. RESULTS: 99 patients were included, 29 of whom showed CCBF in transcranial Doppler. The ONSD measurement did not demonstrate significant differences between both groups, 65.94 ±â€¯7.55 in the group with CCBF and 63.88 ±â€¯5.56 in the group without CCBF, p = 0.14. CONCLUSION: In our study, ONSD values capable of recognizing CCBF were not identified.

Changes in the Brain Extracellular Matrix Composition in schizophrenia: A Pathophysiological Dysregulation and a Potential Therapeutic Target.

The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in crucial processes of neural support, neuronal and synaptic plasticity, extrasynaptic transmission, and neurotransmission. ECM is a tridimensional fibrillary meshwork composed of macromolecules that determine its bioactivity and give it unique characteristics. The characterization of the brain ECM is critical to understand its dynamic in SZ. Thus, a comparative study was developed with 71 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 70 healthy controls. Plasma of participants was analysed by label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the results were validated using the classical western blot method. Lastly, immunostaining of post-mortem human brain tissue was performed to analyse the distribution of the brain ECM proteins by confocal microscopy. The analysis identified four proteins: fibronectin, lumican, nidogen-1, and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) as components of the brain ECM. Statistical significance was found for fibronectin (P = 0.0166), SPARC (P = 0.0003), lumican (P = 0.0012), and nidogen-1 (P < 0.0001) that were decreased in the SZ group. Fluorescence imaging of prefrontal cortex (PFC) sections revealed a lower expression of ECM proteins in SZ. Our study proposes a pathophysiological dysregulation of proteins of the brain ECM, whose abnormal composition leads to a progressive neuronal impairment and consequently to neurodegenerative processes due to lack of neurophysiological support and dysregulation of neuronal homeostasis. Moreover, the brain ECM and its components are potential pharmacological targets to develop new therapeutic approaches to treat SZ.

Perfil proteómico y metabólico de pacientes crónicos con esquizofrenia tras un programa de actividad física: estudio piloto / Proteomic and metabolic profiling of chronic patients with schizophrenia induced by a physical activity program: Pilot study

Introducción: La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad crónica que suele ir acompañada de trastornos metabólicos como la diabetes, la obesidad y problemas cardiovasculares asociados muchas veces a estilos de vida poco saludables, así como a problemas neuroendocrinos ocasionados por la propia enfermedad. Los cambios en el estilo de vida, como la práctica de ejercicio físico regular, tienen un efecto positivo sobre los trastornos metabólicos y la salud mental. Sin embargo, se desconocen los cambios moleculares y su consecuente repercusión en los pacientes diagnosticados con esquizofrenia. Con este estudio se pretenden analizar los cambios moleculares inducidos por el ejercicio físico en pacientes crónicos con esquizofrenia.MétodosVeintiún pacientes con esquizofrenia crónica fueron sometidos a un programa de entrenamiento aeróbico diario durante 6 meses. El grupo de pacientes se dividió en 2 subgrupos: un subgrupo que completó en su totalidad el programa de entrenamiento (12 pacientes) y un segundo subgrupo que abandonó el programa el primer día (9 pacientes). Se analizaron los datos bioquímicos y clínicos de cada paciente y se estudió el perfil proteómico del plasma mediante ESI-LC-MS/MS de tipo shotgun.ResultadosEl análisis proteómico reconoció 21.165 proteínas y péptidos diferentes en el plasma de los pacientes. Concretamente, 4.657 proteínas sufrieron variaciones significativas, de las cuales fueron identificadas 1.812 proteínas relacionadas con las vías metabólicas y de regulación biológica. Tras el análisis de los parámetros clínicos en estos pacientes, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso, el IMC, el perímetro abdominal, la presión arterial diastólica y los niveles de colesterol HDL. La puntuación en la Escala de Autoevaluación de Anhedonia fue el cambio más significativo, siendo más elevada en el subgrupo que abandonó el programa de entrenamiento en comparación con el subgrupo activo. (AU)

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a chronic illness often accompanied by metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular problems often associated with unhealthy lifestyles, as well as neuroendocrine problems caused by the disease itself. Lifestyle changes, such as regular physical exercise, have a positive effect on metabolic disorders and mental health, although the molecular changes that occur in this type of patient and how they explain the changes in their response are unknown. This study wants to analyze in a novel way the proteins and molecular pathways involved in critical plasmatic proteins in plasma to reveal the pathways involved in the implementation of physical exercise and the changes that occur among patients who participate in such programs with those who leave.MethodsTwenty-one patients with chronic schizophrenia underwent a daily, 6-month aerobic training program. We divided them into a group that completed the program (12 patients) and a second group that left the training program (9 patients). The biochemical and clinical data of each patient were analyzed and the proteomic profile of the plasma was studied using ESI-LC-MS/MS.ResultsProteomic analysis recognizes 21.165 proteins and peptides in each patient, of which we identified 1,812 proteins that varied between both groups linked to the metabolic and biological regulation pathways. After clinical analysis of each patient we found significant differences in weight, BMI, abdominal perimeter, diastolic blood pressure, and HDL cholesterol levels. The main change that vertebrates both groups is the Self-Assessment Anhedonia Scale, where we detected higher levels in the dropout group (no physical activity) compared to the active group. (AU)

Proteomic and metabolic profiling of chronic patients with schizophrenia induced by a physical activity program: Pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia is a chronic illness often accompanied by metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular problems often associated with unhealthy lifestyles, as well as neuroendocrine problems caused by the disease itself. Lifestyle changes, such as regular physical exercise, have a positive effect on metabolic disorders and mental health, although the molecular changes that occur in this type of patient and how they explain the changes in their response are unknown. This study wants to analyze in a novel way the proteins and molecular pathways involved in critical plasmatic proteins in plasma to reveal the pathways involved in the implementation of physical exercise and the changes that occur among patients who participate in such programs with those who leave. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with chronic schizophrenia underwent a daily, 6-month aerobic training program. We divided them into a group that completed the program (12 patients) and a second group that left the training program (9 patients). The biochemical and clinical data of each patient were analyzed and the proteomic profile of the plasma was studied using ESI-LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Proteomic analysis recognizes 21.165 proteins and peptides in each patient, of which we identified 1.812 proteins that varied between both groups linked to the metabolic and biological regulation pathways. After clinical analysis of each patient we found significant differences in weight, BMI, abdominal perimeter, diastolic blood pressure, and HDL cholesterol levels. The main change that vertebrates both groups is the Self-Assessment Anhedonia Scale, where we detected higher levels in the dropout group (no physical activity) compared to the active group. CONCLUSION: The benefits of physical exercise are clear in chronic patients with schizophrenia, as it substantially improves their BMI, as well as their clinical and biochemical parameters. However, our study reveals the biological and molecular pathways that affect physical exercise in schizophrenia, such as important metabolic proteins such as ApoE and ApoC, proteins involved in neuronal regulation such as tenascin and neurotrophins, neuroinflammatory regulatory pathways such as lipocalin-2 and protein 14-3-3, as well as cytoskeleton proteins of cells such as spectrins and annexines. Understanding these molecular mechanisms opens the door to future therapies in the chronicity of schizophrenia.

The Role of the Second Extracellular Loop of Norepinephrine Transporter, Neurotrophin-3 and Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase C in T Cells: A Peripheral Biomarker in the Etiology of Schizophrenia.

The neurobiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial, comprising the dysregulation of several biochemical pathways and molecules. This research proposes a peripheral biomarker for schizophrenia that involves the second extracellular loop of norepinephrine transporter (NEText), the tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC), and the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in T cells. The study of NEText, NT-3, and TrkC was performed in T cells and plasma extracted from peripheral blood of 54 patients with schizophrenia and 54 healthy controls. Levels of NT-3, TrkC, and NET were significantly lower in plasma and T cells of patients compared to healthy controls. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IPs) showed protein interactions with Co-IP NEText-NT-3 and Co-IP NEText-TrkC. Computational modelling of protein-peptide docking by CABS-dock provided a medium-high accuracy model for NT-3-NEText (4.6935 Å) and TrkC-NEText (2.1365 Å). In summary, immunocomplexes reached statistical relevance in the T cells of the control group contrary to the results obtained with schizophrenia. The reduced expression of NT-3, TrkC, and NET, and the lack of molecular complexes in T cells of patients with schizophrenia may lead to a peripheral dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways and an abnormal reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) by NET. This peripheral molecular biomarker underlying schizophrenia reinforces the role of neurotrophins, and noradrenergic and immune systems in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Voices 2: Improving Prosodic Recognition in Schizophrenia With an Online Rehabilitation Program.

Introduction: Emotion recognition of voices may play an important role in interpersonal communication and patients with schizophrenia present alterations in this regard. Several on-line rehabilitation tools have been developed for treatment in this area. Voices is an on-line prosodic recognition program consisting of identifying different emotional tones in neutral phrases, in different sessions of gradually increasing difficulty. This training tool has previously reported benefits, and a new version has been created called Voices 2. The main aim of this study is to test the capacity of the Voices 2 program to improve emotion recognition through prosody for adults with schizophrenia. Secondly, it seeks to observe durability effects 1 month after intervention. Method: A randomized, single-blind, multicenter clinical trial was conducted with 44 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The intervention group (also called Voices) was treated with Voices 2, whereas the control group was treated with auditory training that was not related to emotions. Sociodemographic and clinical data, clinical state (PANSS), Intelligence Quotient and prosodic recognition (RMV-SV) were measured at baseline. After intervention, RMV-SV and PANSS were assessed. One month later, the RMV-SV measure was repeated. Results: The control group (n = 19) and the Voices group (n = 22) did not differ on χ2, t or U tests in sociodemographic, clinical and psychometric variables at baseline or post-intervention (all p-values > 0.05). In the Voices group, statistically significant differences were observed in the RMV-SV scale applied post-intervention vs. that applied pre-intervention (Z = 2.47, p = 0.013). Similar results were observed in the 1-month follow-up RMV-SV vs. the pre-intervention RMV-SV (Z = 1.97, p = 0.049). PANSS scale was also assessed with no significant differences between pre vs. post measures in both groups. Lastly, Voices 2 was rated relatively higher, based on its ease of understanding, entertainment value, usefulness and the appropriateness of use of its emotional glossary. Discussion: Improvements were observed in prosodic recognition following intervention with Voices 2 in the Voices group. Although these results are similar to other clinical trial rehabilitation programs, specific research on the matter remains scarce. Certain aspects, such as the durability of effects or adherence should be thoroughly studied and clarified. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/G95C4].

Plasma ß-III tubulin, neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein are associated with neurodegeneration and progression in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a progressive disorder characterized by multiple psychotic relapses. After every relapse, patients may not fully recover, and this may lead to a progressive loss of functionality. Pharmacological treatment represents a key factor to minimize the biological, psychological and psychosocial impact of the disorder. The number of relapses and the duration of psychotic episodes induce a potential neuronal damage and subsequently, neurodegenerative processes. Thus, a comparative study was performed, including forty healthy controls and forty-two SZ patients divided into first-episode psychosis (FEP) and chronic SZ (CSZ) subgroups, where the CSZ sub group was subdivided by antipsychotic treatment. In order to measure the potential neuronal damage, plasma levels of ß-III tubulin, neurofilament light chain (Nf-L), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were performed. The results revealed that the levels of these proteins were increased in the SZ group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, multiple comparison analysis showed highly significant levels of ß-III tubulin (P = 0.0002), Nf-L (P = 0.0403) and GFAP (P < 0.015) in the subgroup of CSZ clozapine-treated. In conclusion, ß-III tubulin, Nf-L and GFAP proteins may be potential biomarkers of neurodegeneration and progression in SZ.

Excerpts from the documents of Mexican positions and recommendations in cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19.

The recommendations in which the Mexican Society of Cardiology (SMC) in conjunction with the National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico (ANCAM) as well as different Mexican medical associations linked to cardiology are presented, after a comprehensive and consensual review and analysis of the topics related to cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific positions are analyzed and responsible recommendations on general measures are given to patients, with personal care, healthy eating, regular physical activity, actions in case of cardio-respiratory arrest, protection of the patient and health personnel as well as precise indications in the use of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging, prescription of medications, care in specific topics such as systemic arterial hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias and acute coronary syndromes, in addition to emphasizing electrophysiology, interventionism, cardiac surgery and in cardiac rehabilitation. The main interest is to provide the medical community with a general orientation on what to do in daily practice and patients with cardiovascular diseases in the setting of this unprecedented epidemiological crisis of COVID-19.

Se presentan las recomendaciones en las cuales la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología (SMC) en conjunto con la Asociación Nacional de Cardiólogos de México (ANCAM), así como diferentes asociaciones médicas mexicanas vinculadas con la cardiología, después de una revisión y análisis exhaustivo y consensuado sobre los tópicos relacionados con las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la pandemia de COVID-19, se analizan posturas científicas y se dan recomendaciones responsables sobre medidas generales a los pacientes, con cuidados personales, alimentación saludable, actividad física regular, acciones en caso de paro cardiorrespiratorio, la protección del paciente y del personal de salud así como las indicaciones precisas en el uso de la imagen cardiovascular no invasiva, la prescripción de medicamentos, cuidados en tópicos específicos como en la hipertensión arterial sistémica, insuficiencia cardiaca, arritmias y síndromes coronarios agudos, además de hacer énfasis en los procedimientos de electrofisiología, intervencionismo, cirugía cardiaca y en la rehabilitación cardiaca. El interés principal es brindar a la comunidad médica una orientación general sobre el quehacer en la práctica cotidiana y pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares en el escenario esta crisis epidemiológica sin precedentes de COVID-19.

Recommendations for the care of patients with diabetes mellitus with risk factors or established cardiovascular disease and SARS-CoV-2mellitus con factores de riesgo o enfermedad cardiovascular establecida y SARS-CoV-2.

A review is carried out to examine the risk of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in the context of general morbidity and mortality and related to infection by SARS-CoV-2. Likewise, the general recommendations for food and the prevention of comorbidities that most these patients suffer most frequently are also studied. Finally, a review of the pharmacological recommendations on both oral and parenteral treatment in the outpatient, in hospitalization and in critical states infected with SARS-CoV-2 is made.

Se realiza una revisión sobre el riesgo de los pacientes que padecen diabetes mellitus en el contexto de morbimortalidad general y relacionada a infección por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Así mismo se repasan las recomendaciones generales, de alimentación y de la prevención de las comorbilidades que más frecuentemente padecen dichos enfermos. Finalmente se hace una revisión de las recomendaciones farmacológicas sobre el tratamiento tanto oral como parenteral en el paciente ambulatorio, en la hospitalización y en estados críticos infectados por el SARS-CoV-2.

Usefulness of the optic nerve sheath ultrasound in patients with cessation of cerebral flow. / Utilidad de la ecografía de la vaina del nervio óptico en pacientes con cese de flujo cerebral.

Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) ultrasound has proven to be a useful tool for the detection of intracranial hypertension (IH). The ONSD values, in patients with cessation of cerebral blood flow (CCBF), has not been clarified yet. OBJECTIVE: Establish an association between ONSD and CCBF in neurocritical patients admitted to an ICU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of patients admitted in a third level ICU, between April 2017 and April 2018, with neurological pathology. ONSD ultrasound was performed in the first 24 hours and as the patient was diagnosed of CCBF. The ONSD values of patients with and without diagnosis of CCBF were compared. RESULTS: 99 patients were included, 29 of whom showed CCBF in transcranial Doppler. The ONSD measurement did not demonstrate significant differences between both groups, 6,59 ± 0,75 in the group with CCBF and 6,39 ± 0,56 in the group without CCBF p=0.141. CONCLUSION: In our study, ONSD values capable of recognizing CCBF were not identified.

Recomendaciones para la atención de pacientes con diabetes mellitus con factores de riesgo o enfermedad cardiovascular establecida y SARS-CoV-2 / Recommendations for the care of patients with diabetes mellitus with risk factors or established cardiovascular disease and SARS-CoV-2

Resumen Se realiza una revisión sobre el riesgo de los pacientes que padecen diabetes mellitus en el contexto de morbimortalidad general y relacionada a infección por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Así mismo se repasan las recomendaciones generales, de alimentación y de la prevención de las comorbilidades que más frecuentemente padecen dichos enfermos. Finalmente se hace una revisión de las recomendaciones farmacológicas sobre el tratamiento tanto oral como parenteral en el paciente ambulatorio, en la hospitalización y en estados críticos infectados por el SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract A review is carried out to examine the risk of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in the context of general morbidity and mortality and related to infection by SARS-CoV-2. Likewise, the general recommendations for food and the prevention of comorbidities that most these patients suffer most frequently are also studied. Finally, a review of the pharmacological recommendations on both oral and parenteral treatment in the outpatient, in hospitalization and in critical states infected with SARS-CoV-2 is made.

Extractos de los documentos de posicionamientos y recomendaciones mexicanas en enfermedades cardiovasculares y COVID-19 / Excerpts from the documents of Mexican positions and recommendations in cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19

Resumen Se presentan las recomendaciones en las cuales la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología (SMC) en conjunto con la Asociación Nacional de Cardiólogos de México (ANCAM), así como diferentes asociaciones médicas mexicanas vinculadas con la cardiología, después de una revisión y análisis exhaustivo y consensuado sobre los tópicos relacionados con las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la pandemia de COVID-19, se analizan posturas científicas y se dan recomendaciones responsables sobre medidas generales a los pacientes, con cuidados personales, alimentación saludable, actividad física regular, acciones en caso de paro cardiorrespiratorio, la protección del paciente y del personal de salud así como las indicaciones precisas en el uso de la imagen cardiovascular no invasiva, la prescripción de medicamentos, cuidados en tópicos específicos como en la hipertensión arterial sistémica, insuficiencia cardiaca, arritmias y síndromes coronarios agudos, además de hacer énfasis en los procedimientos de electrofisiología, intervencionismo, cirugía cardiaca y en la rehabilitación cardiaca. El interés principal es brindar a la comunidad médica una orientación general sobre el quehacer en la práctica cotidiana y pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares en el escenario esta crisis epidemiológica sin precedentes de COVID-19.

Abstract The recommendations in which the Mexican Society of Cardiology (SMC) in conjunction with the National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico (ANCAM) as well as different Mexican medical associations linked to cardiology are presented, after a comprehensive and consensual review and analysis of the topics related to cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific positions are analyzed and responsible recommendations on general measures are given to patients, with personal care, healthy eating, regular physical activity, actions in case of cardio-respiratory arrest, protection of the patient and health personnel as well as precise indications in the use of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging, prescription of medications, care in specific topics such as systemic arterial hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias and acute coronary syndromes, in addition to emphasizing electrophysiology, interventionism, cardiac surgery and in cardiac rehabilitation. The main interest is to provide the medical community with a general orientation on what to do in daily practice and patients with cardiovascular diseases in the setting of this unprecedented epidemiological crisis of COVID-19.

Proteomics in Schizophrenia: A Gateway to Discover Potential Biomarkers of Psychoneuroimmune Pathways.

Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder with a complex and multifactorial etiology. The lack of consensus regarding the multifaceted dysfunction of this ailment has increased the need to explore new research lines. This research makes use of proteomics data to discover possible analytes associated with psychoneuroimmune signaling pathways in schizophrenia. Thus, we analyze plasma of 45 patients [10 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and 35 patients with chronic schizophrenia] and 43 healthy subjects by label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis revealed a significant reduction in the levels of glia maturation factor beta (GMF-ß), the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the 115-kDa isoform of the Rab3 GTPase-activating protein catalytic subunit (RAB3GAP1) in patients with schizophrenia as compared to healthy volunteers. In conclusion, GMF-ß, BDNF, and 115-kDa isoform of RAB3GAP1 showed significantly reduced levels in plasma of patients with schizophrenia, thus making them potential biomarkers in schizophrenia.