RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe time trends in and patterns of use of hormonal contraception and postmenopausal hormone therapy and to identify factors associated with their use among Spanish women. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from 1,954 population controls (aged 24-85 y) in 12 provinces of Spain who were enrolled in the Multi Case-Control Spain study (2007-2013). Data were collected from a questionnaire conducted face-to-face by trained personnel. We collected information on sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, sleep patterns, reproductive history, and occupational history. RESULTS: Overall, 48.5% of Spanish women reported ever use of hormonal contraception, and 9.8% of women in the postmenopausal group reported use of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Younger cohorts used hormonal contraception for a longer period, whereas postmenopausal hormone therapy use dramatically dropped in the 2000s. Women with higher education levels (including education of partners) and smoking history were the most probable users of hormonal contraception, whereas inverse associations were observed among housewives, obese women, and nulliparous women. Postmenopausal hormone therapy use was associated with a surgical or therapeutic cause of menopause and with occupational history of rotating shifts. CONCLUSIONS: In this Spanish population, several demographic, lifestyle, occupational, and reproductive factors are associated with use of hormonal compounds. Characterizing hormonal users and monitoring trends in the use of these hormonal compounds are essential from a public health perspective.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/uso terapêutico , Terapia de Reposição de Estrogênios/tendências , Pós-Menopausa , Saúde da Mulher/tendências , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/efeitos adversos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Fogachos/epidemiologia , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Menopausa , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A multicenter, comparative study was performed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic differences between the diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium kansasii in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. From 1 January 1995 through 31 December 1999, 25 HIV-infected patients received diagnoses of M. kansasii infection, and another 75 were selected as control subjects from among patients who had M. tuberculosis infection. Variables associated with M. tuberculosis disease in the multivariate analysis were previous intravenous drug use (odds ratio [OR], 8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-41.4) and interstitial radiologic pattern (OR, 12.7; 95% CI, 1.7-94.3). Variables associated with M. kansasii were previous diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (OR, 15.8; 95% CI, 4.2-59.6) and concomitant opportunistic infections (OR, 14.2; 95% CI, 2-105.7). Clinical and radiologic features were similar for both groups, but epidemiological characteristics and prognosis were different. M. kansasii disease was associated more closely with level of immunosuppression and progression of HIV infection than was disease caused by M. tuberculosis.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/fisiopatologia , Mycobacterium kansasii , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Feminino , HIV , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
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