Factors associated with false negative and false positive results of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the impact on patient health: Cohort study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main tool for early detection, risk stratification and monitoring of prostate cancer (PCa). However, there are controversies about the use of PSA as a population screening test because of the high potential for overdiagnosis and overtreatment associated. The net benefit of screening is unclear and according to the available recommendations, it should be offered to well-informed men with an adequate health status and a life-expectancy of at least 10 years or to men at elevated risk of having PCa. In addition, the factors that influence test results are unclear, as is impact of false positive or negative results on patient health.Our objective is to assess the clinical and analytical factors associated with the presence of false positive and false negative results and the diagnostic/therapeutic process followed by these patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A prospective observational cohort study will be carried out. We will include a cohort of patients with a positive PSA result (1.081 patients) and a sample of patients with negative results (572 patients); both will be followed for 2 years by reviewing medical records to assess the variables associated with these results, as well as characteristics of patient management after a positive PSA value. We will include those patients with a PSA determination from 2 hospitals in the Valencian Community. Patients who have been previously diagnosed with prostate cancer or who are being followed for previous high PSA values will be excluded. DISCUSSION: The study will estimate the frequency of false positive and false negative PSA results in routine clinical practice, and allow us to quantify the potential harm caused. STUDY REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/): NCT03978299, June 7, 2019.

Outcomes of ureteroscopy miniaturization on tissue damage and tissue hypoxia in a pig model.

Miniaturization of ureteroscopy materials is intended to decrease tissue damage. However, tissue hypoxia and the gross and microscopic effects on tissue have not been adequately assessed. We compared the gross and microscopic effects of micro-ureteroscopy (m-URS) and conventional ureteroscopy (URS) on the urinary tract. We employed 14 pigs of the Large White race. URS was performed in one of the ureters with an 8/9.8 F ureteroscope, while a 4.85 F m-URS sheath was used in the contralateral ureter. Gross assessment of ureteral wall damage and ureteral orifice damage was performed. For microscopic assessment hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for detection of tissue hypoxia were conducted. Regarding the macroscopic assessment of ureteral damage, substantial and significant differences were recorded using URS (C = 0.8), but not with m-URS. Microscopic assessment after staining with hematoxylin-eosin revealed greater epithelial desquamation in the URS group (p < 0.05). Pimonidazole staining revealed greater hypoxia in the epithelial cells than in the remainder of the ureteral layers. We conclude that m-URS causes less damage to the ureteral orifice than URS. Histopathological findings show m-URS reduces ureteral epithelial damage compared with conventional ureteroscopy. Both URS and m-URS cause cellular hypoxia.

[Stab wounds of the kidney: conservative management. Two new cases and review of the literature]. / Manejo conservador de los traumatismos renales por arma blanca. Presentación de dos nuevos casos y revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: Stab wounds of the kidney have traditionally been managed by open surgery. Nowadays the conservative management of stab wounds injuries is extended in order to avoid unnecessaries nephrectomies and laparotomies without increasing morbidity and mortality. Although there is no a strong evidence to recommend when to operate or what sort of follow up we must do. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present two new cases of stab wounds injuries managed conservatively. We performed a systematic review of the literature. RESULTS: Both patients evolved favorably although one of them presented hematuria 7 days after the traumatism and we performed an embolization of an arteriovenous fistula. Most of the articles are based on series of cases or retrosprospective studies. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis and staging of stab wounds of the kidney must be done with clinic and CT scan. Conservative management is required when the patient is not hemodinamically unstable and injuries do not require inmediate repair. These patients require a long-term follow up to prevent the appearance of complications. Randomized prospective multicenter trials are needed to support the optimum management for each kidney injury degree.

Manejo conservador de los traumatismos renales por arma blanca. Presentación de dos nuevos casos y revisión de la literatura / Stab wounds of the kidney: conservative management. Two new cases and review of the literature

Introducción: El tratamiento de los traumatismos renales por arma blanca ha sido tradicionalmente quirúrgico. Desde hace más 20 años se aboga por un tratamiento conservador con el fin de evitar laparotomías innecesarias y preservar unidades renales. Los criterios para intervenir de forma urgente o las pautas de seguimiento no están establecidos debido a la falta de estudios de calidad. Material y métodos: Presentamos dos nuevos casos de traumatismo renal por arma blanca en los que se llevó a cabo un manejo conservador y realizamos una revisión de la literatura. Resultados: Los dos pacientes evolucionaron favorablemente, si bien uno de ellos presentó hematuria durante el postoperatorio inmediato y fue necesaria una embolización selectiva de una fístula arterio-venosa. La mayor parte de los artículo se basan en series de casos o estudios observacionales retrosprospectivos. Conclusiones: En los traumatismos renales por arma blanca el diagnóstico es clínico y el estadiaje de las lesiones radiológico con una tomografía computarizada. El manejo conservador es de elección cuando el paciente está estable hemodinámicamente y las lesiones no requieren reparación inmediata. Estos pacientes requieren un seguimiento a largo plazo para monitorizar la aparición de complicaciones. Son necesarios estudios de mayor calidad que aporten una mayor evidencia científica (AU)

Introduction: Stab wounds of the kidney have traditionally been managed by open surgery. Nowadays the conservative management of stab wounds injuries is extended in order to avoid unnecessaries nephrectomies and laparotomies without increasing morbidity and mortality. Although there is no a strong evidence to recommend when to operate or what sort of follow up we must do. Material and methods: We present two new cases of stab wounds injuries managed conservatively. We performed a systematic review of the literature. Results: Both patients evolved favorably although one of them presented hematuria 7 days after the traumatism and we performed an embolization of an arteriovenous fistula. Most of the articles are based on series of cases or retrosprospective studies. Conclusions: The diagnosis and staging of stab wounds of the kidney must be done with clinic and CT scan. Conservative management is required when the patient is not hemodinamically unstable and injuries do not require inmediate repair. These patients require a long term follow up to prevent the appearance of complications. Randomized prospective multicenter trials are needed to support the optimum management for each kidney injury degree (AU)

Adenocarcinoma primario en un remanente ureteral tras una nefrectomía simple / Primary adenocarcinoma of a ureteral remnant stump after nephrectomy

Objetivos: El adenocarcinoma primario de uréter representa un porcentaje mínimo de las neoplasias del tracto urinario superior. El escaso número de casos publicados no permite establecer unas pautas claras en su manejo clínico, diagnóstico y terapéutico. Nuestro objetivo es proponer una pauta de actuación que permita mejorar el pronóstico de esta patología. Métodos: Presentamos un caso de adenocarcinoma primario de uréter que afecta a un remanente ureteral tras una nefrectomía simple y hacemos una revisión de la literatura al respecto. Resultados: El paciente fue diagnosticado de adenocarcinoma primario de uréter tras el examen anatomopatológico y un estudio minucioso de extensión que permitiera descartar un tumor primario. Conclusión: El adenocarcinoma primario de uréter es una entidad muy poco frecuente lo que condiciona una pobre caracterización clínica y anatomopatológica. Puede presentarse como un dolor en flanco, disuria urgencia y/o hematuria macroscópica en pacientes con antecedentes de nefrectomía. Ante el hallazgo de un adenocarcinoma de uréter debemos descartar siempre que se trate de un tumor metastásico. En cuanto al tratamiento parece necesaria la exéresis completa del tumor y se puede intentar el tratamiento quimioterápico adyuvante con resultados inciertos (AU)

Aim: Adenocarcinomas of the upper urinary tract are very rare malignancies often related to primary genitourinary and extraurinary tumours. Primary adenocarcinomas are even rarer. There are no clinical guidelines for the management of primary ureteral adenocarcinoma. Our objective is to propose a management algoritm of this sort of tumours. Methods: We report a case of adenocarcinoma affecting a ureteral stump in a patient who previously underwent a nephrectomy.A review of literature is performed. Results: After the ureterectomy the pathologist diagnosed a ureteral adenocarcinoma. We performed an extension study in order to discard an extraurinary origin. Conclusions: Adenocarcinoma of the ureteral stump is a very rare malignancy. About the clinic and pathologic characterization, there is no an established reference due to the short number of previous reports. Clinical presentation may include previous nephrectomy, flank pain, dysuria, urgency and/or gross hematuria. It seem necessary the complete resection of the urinary tract when a nephrectomy is performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy can be employed with uncertain results (AU)