Depression in older adults from the municipality of Mochitlan, Guerrero (Mexico) / Depresión en adultos mayores del municipio de Mochitlán, Guerrero (Mexico) / Depressão em idosos do município de Mochitlán, Guerrero (Mexico)

Introduction: Depression in older adults in an important aspect since it affects significantly their health and quality of life. As people age, they may experience physical, emotional, and social changes that make them more susceptible to depression. Based on estimations from the World Health Organization, the global population over 60 years of age with some depressive symptoms will increase from 12% to 22% between 2015 and 2050. Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with depression in older adults from the municipality of Mochitlan, Guerrero. Materials and methods: Mixt quantitative research with an analytical cross-sectional design and a simple random sampling of 26 older adults. Information was collected through a multiple choice survey administered by the researchers using an instrument with four sections. The ethnographic method was used for the qualitative approach, through a semi-structured interview to a focus group of seven older adults, with 3 open questions. Results: Mild (38.46%), moderate (7.69%), and serious (3.85) was found. The associated factors were: female gender; type of work; and monthly income. The qualitative analysis showed positive and negative emotions. Conclusions: 50% of the population had some type of depression.

Introducción: La depresión en adultos mayores es un tema importante debido a que afecta de manera significativa la salud y calidad de vida. A medida que las personas envejecen, pueden experimentar cambios físicos, emocionales y sociales que los hacen más susceptibles a tener depresión. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que entre 2015 y 2050 la población mundial mayor de 60 años pasará del 12% al 22% de padecer algún síntoma depresivo. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la depresión en adultos mayores del Municipio de Mochitlán, Guerrero. Materiales y métodos: Investigación mixta, cuantitativa con diseño transversal analítico, muestreo aleatorio simple en una población de 26 adultos mayores, se recabo información mediante una encuesta aplicada por los investigadores con opción múltiple utilizando un instrumento de cuatro apartados. Para el enfoque cualitativo se utilizó el método etnográfico, mediante una entrevista semiestructurada con 3 preguntas abiertas a un grupo focal de siete adultos mayores. Resultados: Se encontró depresión leve (38,46%), moderada (7,69%) y grave (3,85%). Los factores asociados fueron género femenino, tipo de trabajo; ingreso mensual. El análisis cualitativo mostro emociones positivas y negativas. Conclusiones: 50% de la población presento algún tipo de depresión.

Introdução: A depressão em idosos é um tema importante porque afeta significativamente a saúde e a qualidade de vida. À medida que as pessoas envelhecem, elas podem passar por mudanças físicas, emocionais e sociais que as tornam mais suscetíveis à depressão. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) estima que entre 2015 e 2050, a população mundial com mais de 60 anos passará de 12% a 22% sofrendo de alguns sintomas depressivos. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à depressão em idosos do município de Mochitlán, Guerrero. Materiais e métodos: Pesquisa mista, quantitativa, com desenho analítico transversal, amostragem aleatória simples em população de 26 idosos, as informações foram coletadas por meio de questionário aplicado pelos pesquisadores com múltipla escolha por meio de instrumento de quatro seções. Para a abordagem qualitativa utilizou-se o método etnográfico, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com 3 questões abertas a um grupo focal de sete idosos. Resultados: Foi encontrada depressão leve (38,46%), moderada (7,69%) e grave (3,85%). Os fatores associados foram sexo feminino, tipo de trabalho; ingresso mensal. A análise qualitativa evidenciou emoções positivas e negativas. Conclusões: 50% da população apresentou algum tipo de depressão.

Natural and cultural longevity zones from an anthropological and geographical viewpoint.

There are natural and cultural variables that have an impact on the longevity of older adults. In the case of the former, it is necessary to know and territorialize them, and in the case of the latter, it is necessary to understand them through the analysis of customs and lifestyles. The zones of natural longevity, for this analysis, are those in which low levels of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation converge, as well as the presence of water containing deuterium oxide among its components. To address the cultural longevity zones, an ethnography was carried out in which it was observed that both the consumption of heavy water and the lifestyles generated by the production of coffee and sugar cane prolong life and good old age in the town of El Espinal, municipality of Naolinco, Veracruz.

Actitud ante la vacuna contra COVID-19 de los habitantes del estado de Guerrero, México / Attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine in residents of the Guerrero State, México

Introducción: Las vacunas representan una solución prometedora para mitigar la COVID-19; sin embargo, esta estrategia tiene importantes retos, uno de ellos la actitud hacia el nuevo biológico. Objetivo: Conocer la actitud de los habitantes del Estado de Guerrero (México), ante la vacuna para controlar la COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cuantitativa no experimental de corte transversal descriptivo, a través de un muestreo tipo conglomerados, la muestra se conformó de 296 personas de las diferentes regiones del Estado de Guerrero; se incluyeron personas mayores de 18 años y que desearan participar del estudio a través de consentimiento informado. La recolección de datos fue a través de cuestionarios de Google. Se utilizó la escala para determinar la actitud frente a la vacuna contra COVID-19, compuesta por 2 secciones: Datos sociodemográficos, Actitud ante la Vacuna, esta última sección se estructura de tres subsecciones; Dimensión cognitiva, Dimensión subjetiva y Dimensión conductual, que integra las dos dimensiones. El instrumento tiene 25 ítems con opciones de respuestas cerradas en una escala tipo Likert. Resultados: La actitud hacia la vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2 es predominantemente negativa (52,7%) en la población guerrerense. Conclusión: La dimensión conductual podría considerarse un predictor de aceptación hacia la vacuna contra la COVID-19.

Introduction: Vaccines have become a promising solution to mitigate COVID-19. However, it faces important challenges, including people's attitude towards this new therapeutic. Objective: To determine the attitude of the inhabitants of the Guerrero State (Mexico) towards the vaccine to mitigate COVID-19. Materials and methods: Quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, and cross-sectional research was conducted using a conglomerate-type sampling method. The sample included 296 people from the different regions of the State. The study included participants who were older than 18 years of age and expressed their desire to participate through the informed consent. Questionnaires in Google were used for data collection. The scale to determine the attitude towards COVID-19 vaccine contained two sections: sociodemographic data and attitude towards the vaccine. The last section was subdivided into cognitive, subjective, and behavioral (which includes cognitive and subjective) dimensions. The instrument had 25 items with closed answer options on a Likert-type scale. Results: The attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine is predominantly negative (52.70%) in the population from Guerrero. Conclusions: The behavioral dimension could be considered a predictor of acceptance towards the COVID-19 vaccine.

Ansiedad y nivel de conocimiento en cuidados paliativos en estudiantes de Guerrero / Anxiety and level of knowledge in palliative care in students from Guerrero / Ansiedade e nível de conhecimento em cuidados paliativos em alunos de Guerrero

Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimiento en cuidados paliativos y ansiedad ante la muerte en estudiantes de las escuelas de enfermería, de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Ma-teriales y métodos: estudio mixto, comparativo y fenomenológico mediante la narrativa tes-timonial. La selección se realizó con un muestreo aleatorio simple con reemplazo, teniendo como referencia el listado de estudiantes legalmente inscritos en cuarto año de licenciatura en Enfermería de tres escuelas. La población total fue de 380 encuestados de ambos sexos para el estudio cuantitativo. También, se utilizó un instrumento autoaplicado adaptado y validado por los investigadores, integrado por tres apartados: datos sociodemográficos, nivel de conocimien-to de cuidados paliativos (Palliative Care Knowledge Test (-PCKT) y el miedo a la muerte (Escala de Miedo a la Muerte de Collett-Lester). Para el estudio cualitativo se incluyeron seis participantes de cada escuela, dando un total de 18 seleccionados al azar, a quienes que se les realizó una entrevista a profundidad (25 a 40 minutos) con ocho preguntas abiertas y grabadas; además, se efectuaron notas en un diario de campo para identificar el estado emocional de los participantes. Resultados: El 78.7% de los estudiantes tiene un nivel de conocimientos en cuida-dos paliativos malo. Según la escala de ansiedad y miedo a la muerte de Collett-Lester, el 66.3% percibe un nivel muy ansioso/a. Por otro lado, de los cuatro panoramas de muerte se encontró que: el 55.3% le tenía miedo a la propia muerte y era moderadamente ansioso/a; al propio proceso de morir 57.1% muy ansioso/a; a la muerte de otros 75.5% muy ansioso/a y al proceso de morir de otros 60% muy ansioso/a. Ante el proceso de la muerte describieron sentimientos de: tristeza, ansiedad, vacío profundo, desesperación, temor, frustración, enojo, actitud de auto-control y aceptación. Las intervenciones que emplearían con el paciente hospitalizado en etapa terminal y con los familiares serían técnicas y procedimientos para prevenir otras patologías y el alivio del dolor. Conclusión: los estudiantes tienen un nivel de conocimiento malo en cuidados paliativos, porque el plan de estudios no integra ninguna unidad de aprendizaje específica para este cuidado. El nivel de ansiedad ante la muerte tuvo una representación muy alta y los estudi-antes se perciben muy ansiosos/as ante los procesos de la muerte

Objetivo: Identificar o conhecimento em cuidados paliativos e ansiedade perante a morte em alunos de escolas de enfermagem da Universidade Autônoma de Guerrero. Materiais e métodos: estudo misto, comparativo e fenomenológico usando narrativa testemunhal. A seleção realizou-se de forma aleatória simples com substituições, usando como referência o listado de alunos matriculados no quarto ano da licenciatura em enfermagem de três escolas. A amostra do estudo quantitativo foi de 380 sujeitos de ambos os sexos. Empregou-se um instrumento auto aplicado, adaptado e validado pelos pesquisadores, integrado por três componentes: informação demográfica; nível de conhecimento em cuidados paliativos (Palliative Knowledge Test-PCKT ) e medo da morte (escala de medo da morte de Collet-Lester). Para a pesquisa qualitativa incluíram-se 6 alunos de cada escola, completando 18 participantes escolhidos ao azar e aplicou-se uma entrevista a profundidade com 8 perguntas abertas. Além disso, empregaram-se anotações do diário de campo para identificar o estado emocional dos participantes. Resultados: o 78,7% dos alunos têm maus conhecimentos sobre cuidados paliativos. Segundo a escala de Collet-Lester, o 66,3% dos alunos se percebe muito ansioso. Por outro lado, dos quatro panoramas da morte encontrou-se que 55,3% têm medo da própria morte e era moderadamente ansioso/a; ao próprio processo de morrer de outros 57,1% muito ansioso/a; a morte dos outros 75,5% muito ansioso/a e ao processo de morrer outros 60% muito ansioso/a. Perante o processo da morte descreveram sentimentos de tristeza, ansiedade, vazio profundo, desesperação, medo, frustração, raiva, atitude de autocontrole e aceitação. As intervenções que teriam com o paciente em etapa terminal e com os seus familiares seriam técnicas e procedimentos par prever outras patologias e o alivio da dor. Conclusão: Os alunos têm maus conhecimentos de cuidados paliativos, porque o plano de estudos não contém nenhuma unidade de aprendizagem específica para esse tema. O nível de ansiedade perante a morte e os processos da mesma, tiveram representações elevadas.

Calidad de vida en adultos mayores de Guerrero, México / Quality of life in elderly adults from Guerrero, Mexico

Resumen Introducción: La calidad de vida se define como un estado de bienestar físico, social, emocional, espiritual, intelectual y ocupacional que le permite al individuo satisfacer apropiadamente sus necesidades; un grado de adaptación a su propia condición y a su medio, en función de su estado de salud, sus carencias y del soporte que recibe para suplirlas. Objetivo: Describir la calidad de vida desde el ámbito social en el que se desarrollan los adultos mayores en el Estado de Guerrero, México. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cuantitativa de corte transversal y analítico, la muestra fue probabilística, se incluyeron 75 adultos mayores de 65 años y más, residentes de asilo, casa de día y localidad rural; el criterio de selección aplicado fue la firma previa del consentimiento informado. Se utilizó el Cuestionario sociodemográfico y Cuestionario de Salud SF-36 versión 2 española Health Survey, constituido por preguntas agrupadas con sus respectivos ítems. Resultados: El 80% de los adultos mayores encuestados manifestó mala calidad de vida. Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores guerrerenses presentan porcentajes altos de problemas físicos, emocionales, y sociales, que dan origen a una mala perspectiva de su salud y vida.

Abstract Introduction: Quality of life is defined as a state of social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual and occupational wellbeing. Quality of life allows individuals to properly satisfy their needs and reach a level of adaptation to their own conditions and environments according to their health status, limitations and the support they receive to supplement them. Objective: To describe the quality of life of elderly adults in the State of Guerrero-Mexico, taking into account the social context where they live. Materials and methods: Quantitative research using a cross-sectional and analytical approach. The sample was probabilistic, with 75 adults older than or equal to 65 years of age, who were residents of asylums, day houses or rural areas. The applied selection criterion was their signature of the informed consent form. We used the sociodemographic questionnaire and the Spanish version 2 of the SF-36 Health Survey questionnaire that contains questions grouped within their respective items. Results: 80% of the older adults manifested a poor quality of life. Conclusions: Elderly adults from Guerrero displayed high percentages of physical, emotional and social problems, which ultimately lead to poor health and life perspectives.

Myenteric neuronal plasticity induced by Toxoplasma gondii (genotype III) on the duodenum of rats.

The effects of acute and chronic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii on duodenal myenteric neurons were analyzed. Eighteen rats were assigned into four groups: Acute Control Group (ACG, n=4); Acute Experimental Group (AEG, n=4); Chronic Control Group (CCG, n=5); and Chronic Experimental Group (CEG, n=5). Rats from the AEG and CEG were inoculated orally with 105 genotype III (BTU-II strain) tachyzoites of T. gondii isolated from a dog with neurological signs. Acute groups were killed after 24 hours after the inoculation and the chronic groups after 30 days. Whole-mount from the duodenum were stained with Giemsa. The population density of myenteric neurons, as well the body cell, nuclear and cytoplasmic area were analyzed. Both acute and chronic toxoplasmic infection did not provoke neuronal loss. On the other hand, plastic alterations were observed: decreasing of the nuclear and cytoplasmic area during the acute phase and neuronal hypertrophy during the chronic phase.

[Lung function reference values in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years in Galicia]. / Valores de referencia de función respiratoria en niños y adolescentes (6-18 años) de Galicia.

OBJECTIVE: It is well known that lung function reference values differ between populations, hence the apparent importance of establishing such values. The aim of this study was to develop prediction equations for spirometry for healthy children and adolescents in Galicia, Spain. POPULATION AND METHODS: We studied children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years from randomly selected schools in 14 municipalities in Galicia. Spirometric values were measured following the protocols established by the American Thoracic Society in 1987, with real-time monitoring of flow-volume curves. The prediction equations were derived using multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: We developed equations to predict the main spirometry parameters for this age group according to sex, height, and weight. Mean spirometry values in relation to height were higher for boys than for girls, except in the 140-160 cm range, where they were higher for girls. Equations published in other studies in similar populations gave different predictions, ranging from an underestimation of forced midexpiratory flow rate (FEF(25%-75%)) by 16% in comparison to ours to an overestimation of peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate by 15% for an average boy. For a girl, the corresponding differences ranged from an underestimation of FEF(25%-75%) by 17% to an overestimation of PEF by 19%. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the importance of using population-specific prediction equations to establish lung function reference values.

Valores de referencia de función respiratoria en niños y adolescentes (6-18 años) de Galicia / Lung function reference values in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years in Galicia

OBJETIVO: Son conocidas las diferencias entre distintas poblaciones en cuanto a los valores de referencia de la función respiratoria, por lo cual parece importante establecerlos. El objetivo del estudio ha sido establecer las ecuaciones de predicción de parámetros espirométricos en niños y adolescentes sanos de Galicia. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODOS: Hemos estudiado a niños y adolescentes sanos de 6 a 18 años de edad, de colegios seleccionados aleatoriamente en 14 municipios de Galicia. Las maniobras espirométricas se realizaron de acuerdo con los protocolos de la American Thoracic Society de 1987, con evaluación continua de los espirogramas. Se obtuvieron las ecuaciones de predicción mediante regresión lineal multivariante. RESULTADOS: Con este estudio se obtuvieron las ecuaciones de predicción de los principales parámetros espirométricos en este grupo de edad, en función de la edad, el sexo, la talla y el peso. Los valores medios de los parámetros espirométricos, en función de la estatura, son superiores en la población masculina comparada con la femenina, excepto en el rango entre 140 y 160 cm de altura, donde las mujeres superan a los varones. Para un varón medio de nuestra población, los parámetros de función pulmonar obtenidos con las ecuaciones de predicción referidas por otros autores en poblaciones similares difieren de los nuestros, desde una infraestimación de un 16% para el flujo mesoespiratorio forzado hasta una sobreestimación de un 15% para el pico de flujo espiratorio; para una mujer, las discrepancias van desde la infraestimación del flujo mesoespiratorio forzado del 17% hasta la sobreestimación del pico de flujo espiratorio de un 19%. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados refuerzan la importancia de utilizar ecuaciones de predicción específicas para cada población

OBJECTIVE: It is well known that lung function reference values differ between populations, hence the apparent importance of establishing such values. The aim of this study was to develop prediction equations for spirometry for healthy children and adolescents in Galicia, Spain. POPULATION AND METHODS: We studied children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years from randomly selected schools in 14 municipalities in Galicia. Spirometric values were measured following the protocols established by the American Thoracic Society in 1987, with real-time monitoring of flow-volume curves. The prediction equations were derived using multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: We developed equations to predict the main spirometry parameters for this age group according to sex, height, and weight. Mean spirometry values in relation to height were higher for boys than for girls, except in the 140-160 cm range, where they were higher for girls. Equations published in other studies in similar populations gave different predictions, ranging from an underestimation of forced midexpiratory flow rate (FEF25%-75%) by 16% in comparison to ours to an overestimation of peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate by 15% for an average boy. For a girl, the corresponding differences ranged from an underestimation of FEF25%-75% by 17% to an overestimation of PEF by 19%. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the importance of using population-specific prediction equations to establish lung function reference values

Body composition and respiratory function in healthy non-obese children.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate the role that body composition plays in lung function, among healthy children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was undertaken using sex- and age-stratified sampling among healthy children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Spirometry was performed on every child who fulfilled inclusion criteria. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were calculated from triceps skinfold thickness and arm circumference. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) between low pulmonary function (PF) of schoolchildren and body composition expressed in FM and FFM. Calculations of OR imply that the outcome is dichotomous (low PF/normal PF), therefore those children who had parameters of pulmonary function below the 25th percentile were classed as cases and the rest of the subjects were considered as controls. RESULTS: A total of 2408 children were included; 1270 (53%) of them were male and 1138 (47%), female. Among boys the increase of FFM was associated with an increase of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Among girls the increase of FFM was associated with an increase of FEV1, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow. The increase in FM was associated with a decrease of spirometric parameters in both genders, with a stronger effect among boys. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms the negative effect of body fat on the PF of children and adolescents, even though obese subjects were excluded. The effect is different between boys and girls.

[Parental smoking and lung function in healthy children and adolescents]. / Tabaquismo parental y función pulmonar en niños y adolescentes sanos.

OBJECTIVE: The debate continues on the effect of passive smoking on nonsmokers. The effect of parental smoking on the lung function of children varies considerably according to geographic area, source of passive smoking, and sex. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of parental smoking on the lung function of children. POPULATION AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of the population of healthy children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years of age in Galicia. Subjects were selected by means of 2-stage cluster sampling grouped by sex and age. RESULTS: Approximately 56% of the children were exposed to the tobacco smoke of one of their parents. Children whose fathers were smokers presented a 40% higher risk of reduced forced expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF75%) and a 30% higher risk of reduced FEF25%-75%. Children whose mothers were smokers presented a 30% higher risk of reduced forced expiratory volume in the first second and a 40% higher risk of reduced FEF50%. There was a 60% increase in risk of reduced FEF75%. The fact that both parents smoked did not appear to increase the risk of reduced lung function. CONCLUSIONS: Parental smoking has a considerable effect on the lung function of children and adolescents. Smoking by either the mother or the father has a decisive influence. The fact that this effect is independent of the growth of the child and that the obstructive effect is located principally in the distal airways appears to confirm the hypothesis that this effect is produced after birth.

Tabaquismo parental y función pulmonar en niños y adolescentes sanos / Parental smoking and lung function in healthy children and adolescents

Objetivo: Continúa la controversia sobre el efecto del tabaquismo pasivo en los no fumadores. El efecto del tabaquismo de los padres sobre la función pulmonar de los hijos presenta gran variabilidad entre diferentes zonas geográficas, fuente del tabaquismo pasivo y sexos. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido valorar el efecto del tabaquismo de los padres sobre la función pulmonar de sus hijos. Población y métodos: Hemos llevado a cabo un estudio transversal en una muestra de la población de niños y adolescentes sanos de 6 a 18 años de Galicia, seleccionada mediante un muestreo bietápico en racimos y estratificada por sexo y edad. Resultados: Alrededor del 56% de los niños estaban expuestos al humo del tabaco de alguno de sus padres. Los niños de padres fumadores presentaban un 40% más de riesgo de reducción del flujo espiratorio forzado al 75% de la capacidad vital forzada (FEF75%), y un 30% de reducción del FEF25-75%. Los niños cuyas madres eran fumadoras tenían un 30% más de riesgo de reducción del volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo, y un 40% de reducción del FEF50%. El incremento de riesgo de reducción del FEF75% fue del 60%. El hecho de que fumaran ambos progenitores no pareció incrementar el riesgo de función pulmonar reducida. Conclusiones: El tabaquismo parental tiene un importante efecto sobre la función pulmonar de niños y adolescentes. Tanto el tabaquismo materno como el paterno influyen decisivamente. El hecho de que este efecto sea independiente del crecimiento del niño y que el efecto obstructivo se localice fundamentalmente en la vía aérea distal parece confirmar la hipótesis de que este efecto se produce después del nacimiento

Objective: The debate continues on the effect of passive smoking on nonsmokers. The effect of parental smoking on the lung function of children varies considerably according to geographic area, source of passive smoking, and sex. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of parental smoking on the lung function of children. Population and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of the population of healthy children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years of age in Galicia. Subjects were selected by means of 2-stage cluster sampling grouped by sex and age. Results: Approximately 56% of the children were exposed to the tobacco smoke of one of their parents. Children whose fathers were smokers presented a 40% higher risk of reduced forced expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF75%) and a 30% higher risk of reduced FEF25%-75%. Children whose mothers were smokers presented a 30% higher risk of reduced forced expiratory volume in the first second and a 40% higher risk of reduced FEF50%. There was a 60% increase in risk of reduced FEF75%. The fact that both parents smoked did not appear to increase the risk of reduced lung function. Conclusions: Parental smoking has a considerable effect on the lung function of children and adolescents. Smoking by either the mother or the father has a decisive influence. The fact that this effect is independent of the growth of the child and that the obstructive effect is located principally in the distal airways appears to confirm the hypothesis that this effect is produced after birth