Population dynamics of the rat Microryzomys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae) in the Venezuelan Andes

The population dynamics of the small forest rice rat Microryzomys minutus, a murid rodent that occurs in the high altitudes of the northern and central Andes, was studied in disturbed and primary environments in a cloud forest of the Venezuelan Andes (Juan Pablo Peñaloza National Park, 8 degrees 11'N, 71 degrees 49'W). We collected 121 animals (66 female female and 55 male male) between 1995 and 1998, using pitfall traps with formalin. Adult males were heavier than adult females. Relative abundance was much greater in the disturbed environments (over 10 individuals in some periods) than in the primary cloud forest: 4-8 individuals. In the disturbed environments, the rats were extremely abundant in the first sampling period, and less frequent afterwards. In the cropland, abundance showed some fluctuations during the study and displayed two small abundance peaks in March-June 1997 and 1998. In the mined area, the rats had irregular fluctuations until March-June 1997 and were not recorded in July-October 1997. The occurrence of this rat in both disturbed and natural habitats confirms the wide ecological tolerance of this species.

Se analizó la dinámica poblacional de las pequeñas ratas silvestres del arroz Microryzomys minutus en ambientes alterados y primarios, en un bosque nublado de los Andes venezolanos. El estudio fue basado en 121 animales(66 [hembra hembra] y 55 [macho macho] ) recolectados entre 1995 y 1998, usando trampas que contenían formalina. Esta especie está presente en ambos hábitats lo que confirma su ampliatolerancia ecológica. La abundancia poblacional fue mayor en ambientes alterados que en los no alterados. M. minutus presenta dimorfismo sexual en el peso: los machos son más pesados que las hembras.

Biology of Triatoma flavida Neiva, 1911 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions.

The complete life cycle of Triatoma flavida, weekly fed on hens, was studied at 28+/-2 degrees C and 80+/-10% RH. Aspects related to hatching, life span, mortality and feeding behavior for each stage of its life cycle were evaluated. The hatching rate observed for 100 eggs was 93% with an average incubation period of 27.2 days. Sixty-two nymphs completed the cycle and the mean egg to adult development time was 230.4 days. Mean duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar nymphs was 22.1, 25.3, 36.7, 49.7 and 69.4 days, respectively. The number of blood meals on each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 7. The mortality rate was 6.5% for NI, 23% for NIII and 7.5% for NV nymphs. Mean number of laid eggs per female was 283.1. Adult survival rates were 344.8 +/- 256.4 days for males and 285.3 +/- 201.8 days for females.

Resistance to starvation of Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under experimental conditions.

The period of resistance to starvation and the loss of weight until death of Rhodnius neivai in all stages of development were studied. Work was based on experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. One hundred specimens of each nymphal instar were observed: 50 were fed on chicken and 50 on rabbit. Adult females and males were kept together and fed on each host. All bugs were weighed weekly until death. Laid eggs were collected weekly and observed during five weeks to obtain hatchability. Resistance to starvation was similar with both hosts and increased with the evolutionary stage, excepting the 5th nymphal instar and adults. With both hosts, loss of weight was abrupt in the first week and steady in the following weeks. In adults, on the first weeks after eating, there was little or no mortality, after which mortality increased rapidly with the starving time. Reproductive output was higher in the bugs fed on rabbit. R. neivai is among the least resistant triatomine species.

Effects of environmental temperature on life tables of Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under experimental conditions.

Changes in life tables of Rhodnius neivai due to variations of environmental temperature were studied, based on nine cohorts. Three cohorts were kept at 22 degrees C, three at 27 degrees C and three at 32 degrees C. Cohorts were censused daily during nymphal instars and weekly in adults. Nine complete horizontal life tables were built. A high negative correlation between temperature and age at first laying was registered (r=-0,84). Age at maximum reproduction was significantly lower at 32 degrees C. Average number of eggs/female/week and total eggs/female on its life time were significantly lower at 22 degrees C. Total number of egg by cohort and total number of reproductive weeks were significantly higher at 27 degrees C. At 32 degrees C, generational time was significantly lower. At 27 degrees C net reproductive rate and total reproductive value were significantly higher. At 22 degrees C, intrinsic growth, finite growth and finite birth rates were significantly lower. At 22 degrees C, death instantaneous rate was significantly higher.

Vital statistics of Panstronglus geniculatus (Latreille 1811) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under experimental conditions.

A statistical evaluation of the population dynamics of Panstrongylus geniculatus is based on a cohort experiment conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Animals were fed on hen every 15 days. Egg incubation took 21 days; mean duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs was 25, 30, 58, 62, and 67 days, respectively; mean nymphal development time was 39 weeks and adult longevity was 72 weeks. Females reproduced during 30 weeks, producing an average of 61.6 eggs for female on its lifetime; the average number of eggs/female/week was 2.1. Total number of eggs produced by the cohort was 1379. Average hatch for the cohort was 88.9%; it was not affected by age of the mother. Age specific survival and reproduction tables were constructed. The following population parameters were evaluated, generation time was 36.1 weeks; net reproduction rate was 89.4; intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.125; instantaneous birth and death rates were 0.163 and 0.039 respectively; finite rate of increase 1.13; total reproductive value was 1196 and stable age distribution was 31.2% eggs, 64.7% nymphs and 4.1% adults. Finally the population characteristics of P. geniculatus lead to the conclusion that this species is a K strategist.

Efecto de la frequencia alimentaria sobre algunos parametros poblacionales de Rhodnius neivai / The effect of feeding frequency on some population parameters of Rhodnius neivai

Modificando la frecuencia de oferta de alimento a semanal y quincenal se evaluó estadisticamente la variación de algunos parámetros poblacionales y reproductivos en cuatro cohortes de R. neivai alimentadas en gallina o conejo. Se encontró una relación directa entre la frecuencia de oferta de snagre y la longevidad media, longevidad máxima y esperanza de vida de los adultos en los ejemplares que se alimentaron en gallina. En cambio, en los animales a los cuales se ofreció sangre de conejo quincenalmente, los valores de longevidad media, longevidad máxima y esperanza de vida de los adultos fueron altos, y algo menores en los alimentados semanalmente. El rendimiento reproductivo aumentó y la fertilidad edad-específica mostró una cierta disminución cuando la frecuencia de oferta de alimento fue semanal. Todos los parámetros poblacionales, menos el tiempo generacional, fueron mayores en los ejemplares alimentados semanalmente

[The effect of feeding frequency on some population parameters of Rhodnius neivai]. / Efecto de la frecuencia alimentaria sobre algunos parametros poblacionales de Rhodnius neivai.

After changing feeding frequency to a weekly and biweekly basis, a statistical evaluation of the variation of some population and reproductive parameters was conducted. It was based on four cohorts experiments of Rhodnius neivai fed on hen or rabbit. We found a direct relationship between blood feeding frequency and the parameters adult average longevity, maximum longevity and life expectancy in the animals fed on hen. On the other hand, in the insect fed biweekly on rabbit, these three values were higher than the registered in the cohorts fed weekly. Reproductive output got bigger and age-specific fertility showed a small decrease when feeding frequency was weekly. Every population parameter, except generation time, was greater in the individuals fed weekly.

Estadisticas vitales de Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) en condiciones experimentales / Vital statistic of Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under experimental conditions

Seguimos seis linhagens de Rhodmius neivai em laboratório para avaliar estatisticamente sua dinâmica populacional. Utilizamos duas fontes de alimentos: galinha e coelho. Determinam a porcentagem de eclosäo dos ovos, mortalidade e tempo de desenvolvimento ninfal, mortalidade idade-específica dos adultos, fecundidade e fertilidade idade-específica das fêmeas. Avaliamos, também, alguns parâmetros populacionais, como expectativa de vida, taxa de reproduçäo, taxa finita de crescimento, valor reprodutivo e distribuiçäo estável de idades. A duraçäo do ciclo de vida foi maior nos alimentados em coelho. A sobrevivência ninfal foi ligeiramente maior nos indivíduos alimentados em galinha. A reproduçäo começou antes nos exemplares alimentados em galinha, mas o rendimento reprodutivo e a duraçäo da oviposiçäo foram maiores nos alimentados em coelho. As taxas intrínseca e finita de crescimento foram maiores nos triatomíneos alimentados em galinha. O tempo geracional foi ligeiramente maior nas linhagens alimentadas em coelho. A taxa de reproduçäo foi muito semelhante com ambas as fontes alimentares, embora ligeiramente maior nos exemplares alimentados em coelho. O valor reprodutivo nos alimentos em coelho foi o dobro do obtivo para os que se alimentavam em galinha

[Vital statistics of Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under experimental conditions]. / Estadísticas vitales de Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemíptera: Reduviidae) en condiciones experimentales.

A statistical evaluation of the population dynamics of R. neivai is based on six cohorts experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Two blood sources were offered to animals: rabbit and hen. Egg hatching, nymphal development time and mortality, adult longevity and age-specific mortality, female age-specific fecundity and fertility were determined. In addition, some population parameters were evaluated, such as: life expectancy, intrinsic rate of natural increase, net reproduction rate, finite rate of increase, reproductive value and stable age distribution. Life cycle was longer in the animals fed on rabbit, nymphal survival was slightly higher in the individuals fed on hen. Age of first reproduction was lower in the insects fed on hen, but reproductive output and total number of reproductive weeks were greater in the cohorts fed on rabbit. Intrinsic and finite rate of increase were greater in the animals fed on hen. Generation time was slightly greater in the cohorts fed on rabbit. Net reproduction rate was similar on both blood sources, although it was slightly bigger in the individuals fed on rabbit. Reproductive value in the insects fed on rabbit was twice as much as the registered in the animals fed on hen.