Mental health needs and accessing specialised healthcare in Mexican children with mental disorders: gender- and diagnosis-dependent differences.

BACKGROUND: Access describes factors that influence the initial contact or use of services, emphasising both the characteristics of patients and the health resources that influence the use of health services. AIMS: To compare Mexican boys and girls with mental disorders, with respect to primary diagnosis, symptom onset, and seeking and accessing specialised mental health services (SMHS). METHOD: Longitudinal data were collected from primary caregiver-reported assessments of 397 child-caretaker dyads (child mean age 12.17 years, range 5-18 years, 63% male) that were obtained in two psychiatric hospitals specialising in child mental healthcare. Student t-tests and χ2-tests were applied to compare boys and girls regarding their diagnosis and variables associated with the seeking of and access to SMHS. RESULTS: Hyperkinetic disorder was the most prevalent diagnosis in boys, whereas depressive disorder and anxiety disorder were most prevalent in girls. The mean age at symptom onset for boys was 7 years, compared with 10 years for girls. Hyperkinetic disorder had the earliest symptom onset (mean 5.9 years), followed by depressive disorder (mean 9.8 years) and anxiety disorder (mean 12 years). Delayed access to SMHS was associated with initially seeking care from a psychologist, whereas quicker access was associated with affiliation with the (now defunct) Popular Insurance, a programme that served low-income and uninsured individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Programmes aimed at children's mental health education and early intervention should consider gender- and diagnosis-related differences in symptom onset and trajectory. Access to SMHS might be improved by rapid identification by parents, educators, primary-care physicians and psychologists.

Mean platelet volume, platelet count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have been proposed to be biomarkers of the chronic inflammatory process in schizophrenia and indicative of increased cardiovascular risk. Objective: To describe MPV, total platelet count (PLT), and NLR between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia to determine the correlation between these parameters and the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional study, we included 175 patients with schizophrenia who had never received psychiatric treatment, and who had undergone blood biometry and blood chemistry within 24 h of admission. Laboratory studies were determined by the impedance method on Coulter ac-T 5 diff hematological equipment. Results: Mean platelet volume levels in patients with schizophrenia were higher than in healthy controls but not statistically significant. The receiver operating characteristic curve for this parameter shows that the optimal cutoff point of agreement was 8.95 fL, with sensitivity and specificity for schizophrenia of 52% and 67%, respectively, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.580 (p = 0.079). DUP had no significant correlation with the blood parameters analyzed. Conclusion: The results partially support the hypothesis that MPV, platelet count, and NLR is related to schizophrenia, and further research is needed to establish whether there is an underlying chronic inflammatory process.

Impacto de los determinantes sociales de la salud sobre la tasa de contagios por COVID-19 / Impact of the social determinants of health on the rate of infections by COVID-19

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el impacto entre los determinantes sociales en salud en México y la tasa de contagios por COVID-19. Método Estudio ecológico cuantitativo a nivel nacional y municipal. Las principales variables fueron tasa de contagios por COVID-19, población total no hablante de español, ingreso per cápita, pobreza e índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). La tasa media nacional de contagios fue de 2 880/100 000 habitantes. Se aplicó la prueba T-test y, para determinar la fuerza de asociación entre la tasa de contagios y las variables, se aplicó la prueba de correlación de Pearson. Resultados Las entidades con menos tasa de población no hablante de español tuvo la menor tasa de contagios por COVID-19. El análisis de correlación mostró que los estados con tasas de contagio por COVID-19 por arriba de la media nacional tienen mejores condiciones de desarrollo. Discusión En nuestros resultados se revela una correlación negativa entre las tasas contagios por COVID-19 y la variable pertenecer a población indígena. Es necesario analizar desde la perspectiva de las comunidades las necesidades para afrontar escenarios de pandemia.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the impact between the social determinants in health and the rate of COVID-19 infection. Methods Quantitative ecological study at national and municipal levels. The main variables were COVID-19 infection rate, total non-Spanish-speaking population, per capita income, poverty, and human development index (HDI). The average national infection rate was 2 880/100 000 inhabitants. The T-test was applied, and Pearson's correlation test was performed to determine the strength of the association between the infection rate and the variables. Results Entities with the lowest rate of non-Spanish-speaking population had the lowest rate of COVID-19 infections. The correlation analysis showed that states with COVID-19 infection rates above the national average have better development conditions. Discussion Our results reveal a negative correlation between COVID-19 infection rates and the variable belonging to an indigenous population. It is necessary to analyze from the perspective of the communities the needs to face pandemic scenarios.

The Analytical Framework of Governance in Health Policies in the Face of Health Emergencies: A Systematic Review.

The Governance Analytical Framework (MAG) defines governance as a social fact, endowed with analyzable and interpretable characteristics, through what it calls observable constitutive elements of governance: the problem, the actors, the social norms, the process of decision-making and scope or nodal points; in the sense that each society develops its modes of governance, its decision-making or conflict resolution systems among its members, its norms, and institutions. In this perspective, the purpose of this article was to carry out a systematic review of the scientific literature to understand the role of governance in health policies in health emergencies, such as that caused by the SARS-CoV-2. The systematic review was designed based on the methodology proposed in the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) Declaration. The literature search was carried out in six databases: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, APA-PsycInfo, MEDLINE, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), PubMED, and MedicLatina, published in the last 5 years. Fifteen articles that met quality and evidence criteria were analyzed. The governance approach alluding to the health emergency problem in health policies was the most addressed by the authors (80%), followed by a description of the actors (40%), the process of decision-making spaces (33%), and ultimately, social norms or rules with 13%. Formulating a coherent set of global health policies within a large-scale global governance framework is mostly absent. Although the countries adopt international approaches, it is a process differentiated by the social, economic, and political contexts between countries, affecting heterogeneous health outcomes over the pandemic.

Family History of Psychiatric Disorders and Clinical Factors Associated With a Schizophrenia Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia (SCH) and bipolar disorder (BD) have both shared and unique genetic risk factors and clinical characteristics. The aim of the present study was to identify potential risk factors significantly associated with SCH, relative to a BD reference group. METHODS: Data were obtained from medical records of patients that entered a major Mexico City hospital during 2009-2010 presenting psychotic symptoms (n = 1132; 830 cases of SCH, 302 cases of BD; 714 men and 418 women). SCH and BD diagnoses were compared with respect to a number of family and clinical characteristics. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to respectively identify factors selectively associated with the SCH diagnosis relative to the BD diagnosis and explore the relationship between PANSS scores and parental age at time of birth to the age of SCH onset. RESULTS: Patients with SCH showed greater functional impairment than those with BD. Family history of mental illness, premorbid schizoid-like personality, and obstetric trauma were significantly associated with the SCH diagnosis. The association of obstetric trauma with SCH was greatest in male patients with a family history of mental illness. In women, increased paternal and decreased maternal age at time of the patient's birth were associated with an earlier age of SCH onset. CONCLUSION: Male gender, showing premorbid schizoid-like personality, familial SCH, and obstetric trauma are risk factors that distinguish SCH from BD. Additionally, our results suggest that risk for SCH relative to BD may be importantly influenced by interactions between familial risk, gender, and obstetric trauma.

Gobernanza en el sistema de salud ante la pandemia por Covid-19 en México / Governance in health system in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la gobernanza en el sistema de salud en México, en las políticas frente a la pandemia por Covid-19. Material y métodos: Estudio cualitativo, analítico, realizado entre junio y noviembre de 2020. Se analizaron 41 entrevistas semiestructuradas que se aplicaron a actores clave del sistema de salud y que se organizaron en el software ATLAS.ti 9. El análisis se adhirió a los principios teórico-metodológicos del Marco Analítico de Gobernanza. Resultados: El problema: la formulación de políticas fue centralizada; los actores: sólo los altos mandos participan en las decisiones; las normas: los valores sociales y el liderazgo determinan su nivel de responsabilidad; toma de decisiones: los altos mandos reconocieron poder para proponer modificaciones al Marco Normativo; los nodos: las políticas federales fueron adaptadas a nivel estatal de manera diferenciada. Conclusiones: La gobernanza centralizada, los niveles diferenciados de convocatoria de los actores, su poder de decisión, acuerdos, responsabilidad y liderazgo, definieron el alcance de la gobernanza y, a su vez, el nivel de respuesta ante la pandemia por Covid-19.

Abstract: Objective: Analyze governance in the Mexican health system, with regards to policies to combat the Covid-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: Qualitative, analytic study carried out from June to November, 2020. Forty-one semi-structured interviews with key actors in the health system were analyzed and organized in ATLAS.ti-v.9 software. The analysis followed theoretical-methodological principles of the Governance Analytical Framework. Results: The problem: the policy-making was centralized; the actors: only high level actors participated in the decisions; decision-making: high level actors recognized power to propose modifications in the regulatory framework; nodes: federal policies were adapted at the state level in a differential manner. Conclusions: Centralized governance, differential levels of convocation of actors, decision-making power, level of agreements, as well as responsibility and leadership, all defined the reach of governance and, in turn, the level of response to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenses in households of patients with schizophrenia lacking social security / Gastos de bolsillo y catastróficos en hogares de pacientes con esquizofrenia sin seguridad social

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the magnitude of out-of-pocket (OOP) and catastrophic health expenses as well as impoverishment experienced by households of schizophrenia patients lacking social security coverage. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 96 individuals treated outpatient consultation between February and December 2018, in a psychiatric hospital. Results: All households sustained OOP health expenses; the median was 510 USD (95%CI: 456-628). The OOP expenses represented 28 and 4% of the capacity to pay of poor and rich households, respectively. The 16% of households incurred catastrophic expenses and 6.6% have impoverishment for health reasons. Conclusions: Our results illustrate that pocket expenses and catastrophic expenses in patients with schizophrenia are higher than those reported for the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the financial protection policies aimed at patients with schizophrenia and their households.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la magnitud del gasto de bolsillo y catastrófico en salud, así como el empobrecimiento experimentado por hogares de pacientes con esquizofrenia que carecen de cobertura en seguridad social. Material y métodos: Se hizo un estudio transversal de 96 pacientes tratados en consulta externa entre febrero y diciembre de 2018, en un hospital psiquiátrico. Resultados: Todos los hogares soportaron gastos de bolsillo (GB), la mediana fue 510 USD (IC95%: 456-628). Los GB representan 28 y 4% de la capacidad de pago de los hogares pobres y ricos respectivamente. El 16% de los hogares incurrió en gastos catastróficos y 6.6% tiene empobrecimiento por motivos de salud. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que los gastos de bolsillo y gastos catastróficos en pacientes con esquizofrenia son mayores que los reportados para población general, por lo que es necesario repensar las políticas de protección financiera dirigidas a pacientes con esquizofrenia y sus hogares.

Out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenses in households of patients with schizophrenia lacking social security

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the magnitude of out-of-pocket (OOP) and catastrophic health expenses as well as impoverishment experienced by households of schizophrenia patients lacking social security coverage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 96 individuals treated in outpatient consultation between February and December 2018 in a psychiatric hospital. RESULTS: All households sustained OOP health expenses; the median was 510 USD (95%CI: 456-628). The OOP expenses represented 28 and 4% of the capacity to pay in poor and rich households, respectively. 16% of households incurred catastrophic expenses and 6.6% have impoverishment for health reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Our results illustrate that pocket expenses and catastrophic expenses in patients with schizophrenia are higher than those reported for the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the financial protection policies aimed at patients with schizophrenia and their households.

Incidence of catastrophic healthcare expenditure and its main determinants in Mexican households caring for a person with a mental disorder.

BACKGROUND: There are few studies on the impact of out-of-pocket mental health care expenditures and sociodemographic factors on the probability of Mexican households to incur catastrophic healthcare expenditures (CHE). OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to estimate the incidence of CHE and its main determinants among the households of persons with mental disorders (MD) in Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, including 387 households of persons with MD. The estimation of the CHE was obtained by the health expenditure distribution method. A Logistic Regression (LR) was used to identify the determinants of probability variation of CHE occurrence. Since we expected a proportion of CHE between 20% and 80%, we assume linearity in the probability function, therefore we additionally used an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. RESULTS: In our sample, the incidence of CHE was 34.8%. The two mental illnesses most frequently associated with CHE were schizophrenia and hyperactive disorder (35.5% and 32.6% of CHE cases, respectively). The regression coefficients showed that for each unit (US$53.77) increase in income, the probability of CHE was reduced by 8.6%, while for each unit increase in hospitalization or medication expenditures, the probability of CHE increased by 12.9% or 19%, respectively. For each additional household member, the probability of CHE increased by 3%, and households with a male patient had a 7% greater probability of CHE. CONCLUSION: Household income, household size, hospitalization and medication expenses, and sex of the patient were significant predictors of CHE for households caring for a person with MD.

The Impact of Health Policies and Sociodemographic Factors on Doubling Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico.

Background. The doubling time is the best indicator of the course of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the impact of policies and several sociodemographic factors on the COVID-19 doubling time in Mexico. Methods. A retrospective longitudinal study was carried out across March-August, 2020. Policies issued by each of the 32 Mexican states during each week of this period were classified according to the University of Oxford Coronavirus Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), and the doubling time of COVID-19 cases was calculated. Additionally, variables such as population size and density, poverty and mobility were included. A panel data model was applied to measure the effect of these variables on doubling time. Results. States with larger population sizes issued a larger number of policies. Delay in the issuance of policies was associated with accelerated propagation. The policy index (coefficient 0.60, p < 0.01) and the income per capita (coefficient 3.36, p < 0.01) had a positive effect on doubling time; by contrast, the population density (coefficient -0.012, p < 0.05), the mobility in parks (coefficient -1.10, p < 0.01) and the residential mobility (coefficient -4.14, p < 0.01) had a negative effect. Conclusions. Health policies had an effect on slowing the pandemic's propagation, but population density and mobility played a fundamental role. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies that consider these variables.

Gobernanza en el sistema de salud ante la pandemia por Covid-19 en México.

Objetivo. Analizar la gobernanza en el sistema de salud en México, en las políticas frente a la pandemia por Covid-19. Material y métodos. Estudio cualitativo, analítico, realizado entre junio y noviembre de 2020. Se analizaron 41 entrevistas semiestructuradas que se aplicaron a acto-res clave del sistema de salud y que se organizaron en el software ATLAS.ti 9. El análisis se adhirió a los principios teórico-metodológicos del Marco Analítico de Gobernanza. Resultados. El problema: la formulación de políticas fue centralizada; los actores: sólo los altos mandos participan en las decisiones; las normas: los valores sociales y el liderazgo determinan su nivel de responsabilidad; toma de decisio-nes: los altos mandos reconocieron poder para proponer modificaciones al Marco Normativo; los nodos: las políticas federales fueron adaptadas a nivel estatal de manera diferen-ciada. Conclusiones. La gobernanza centralizada, los niveles diferenciados de convocatoria de los actores, su poder de decisión, acuerdos, responsabilidad y liderazgo, definieron el alcance de la gobernanza y, a su vez, el nivel de respuesta ante la pandemia por Covid-19.

Suicide Rate, Depression and the Human Development Index: An Ecological Study From Mexico.

Objective: To assess the contribution of depression, the human development index (HDI) including the health, education and income indexes as well as the households structure to the suicide rate in Mexican population from 15 to 49 years old. Methods: An ecological cross-sectional study was carried out in people between 15 and 49 years old. The health index (HI), education index (EI), income index (II), and HDI were constructed. The suicide rate, educational level, per capita income, poverty, and rate of households were collected from official databases. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the strength between the suicide rate and the per capita income, unemployment, poverty, HI, EI, II, HDI, non-family household, and depression incidence rate. A multiple linear regression model was used to know the association between suicide rates and HDI. Results: The suicide rate was 8.76/100,000 inhabitants. The HDI of the 32 Mexican states were low 16%, middle 41%, high 22%, and extremely high 13%. A direct and positive intensity relationship between suicide rate and non-family households, was found (r = 0.352; p < 0.001); on the other hand, the suicide rate is significantly and negatively related to family households with Pearson (r = -0.350; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The states of the Mexican Republic with the highest prevalence of non-family households had a positive association with the suicide rate. Based on the result of this study, it is possible to assume that, as the HDI increases, there is a greater possibility of living alone and having suicidal behavior.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions to achieve universal health coverage for schizophrenia in Mexico / Análisis costo-efectividad de las intervenciones para alcanzar la cobertura universal en salud para esquizofrenia en México

Abstract Introduction To achieve universal coverage in mental health, it is necessary to demonstrate which interventions should be adopted. Objective Analyze the alternatives of pharmacological and psychosocial treatment in Mexico for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well as Early Intervention in Psychosis Program. Method The Extended cost effectiveness analysis (ECEA), it is implemented under scenario the option of treatment in Mexico, which includes: typical or atypical antipsychotic medication plus psychosocial treatment, assuming that all the medications will be provided to the patient, a measure of effectiveness is the years of life adjusted to disability (DALYs). Results The effect of Universal Public Financing (UPF) is reflected in avoiding 147 DALYs for every 1,000,000 habitants. In addition, has a positive effect in the avoided pocket expenditures from US $ 101,221 to US $ 787,498 according to the type of intervention. Increasing government spending has a greater impact on the poorest quintile, as a distributive effect of the budget is generated. Respect to the value of insurance, the quintile III is the one who is most willing to pay for having insurance, on the other hand, in the highest income quintile, the minimum assurance valuation was observed. Discussion and conclusion The reduction in out-of-pocket spending is uniform across all quintiles; "Early Intervention in Psychosis Program" is not viable for middle income countries, as México. The ECEA is a convenient method to assess the feasibility and affordability of mental health interventions to generate information for decision makers.

Resumen Introducción Para lograr la cobertura universal en salud mental es necesario demostrar qué intervenciones deberían ser adoptadas. Objetivo Analizar las alternativas de tratamiento farmacológico y psicosocial para pacientes con esquizofrenia incluidas, así como un Programa de Intervención Temprana en Psicosis. Método El análisis costo efectividad extendido (ECEA) se implementó bajo un escenario que incluye: medicación antipsicótica típica o atípica más tratamiento psicosocial, asumiendo que todos los medicamentos serán provistos a los pacientes, la medición de la efectividad en términos de DALYs. Resultados El efecto del financiamiento público universal se refleja en evitar 147 DALYs por cada 1, 000,000 de habitantes. Además, tiene un efecto positivo en evitar pagos de bolsillo de US $ 101,221 a US $ 787,478 de acuerdo con el tipo de intervención. Incrementar el gasto del gobierno tiene un gran impacto sobre los quintiles más pobres como efecto distributivo del presupuesto. El quintil III de ingreso tiene mayor disposición a pagar el aseguramiento mientras que el quintil más rico tiene menor disposición a pagarlo. Discusión y conclusión La reducción de los gastos de bolsillo es uniforme en todos los quintiles de ingreso, pero el "Programa de Intervención Temprana en Psicosis" no es viable generalizarlo para países de ingreso medio, como México. El ECEA es un método conveniente para evaluar la factibilidad y asequibilidad de intervenciones en salud mental para generar información para los tomadores de decisiones.

Necesidades de atención en salud mental y uso de servicios en población mexicana con trastornos mentales graves / Mental health care needs and use of services in Mexican population with serious mental disorders

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar las demandas de atención de los trastornos mentales graves (TMG) y factores asociados con la utilización de servicios en México. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico transversal en dos fases: la primera con una base de datos nacional de servicios disponibles y su utilización; la segunda, una muestra de registros médicos de un hospital psiquiátrico. Resultados: La esquizofrenia es el TMG más prevalente; más de 50% de hospitalizados fueron hombres, con edad promedio 37 años. La utilización de servicios estuvo asociada con la edad (β=1.062; p=.000), ingreso familiar (β=1.000, p=.000) y no tener ocupación (β=3.407; p=.000). La población con esquizofrenia tiene cuatro veces más la probabilidad de requerir estar exenta de pago (β=4.158; p=.000). Conclusiones: La población con TMG es más vulnerable por la discapacidad funcional y social asociada; requiere de intervenciones específicas de salud acompañadas de una política de protección financiera adaptada a sus necesidades de atención.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the mental health care needs of the serious mental disorders (SMD) and factors associated with the use of services in Mexico. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in two phases, the first with a national database of available services and its utilization; the second, a sample of medical records of a psychiatric hospital. Results: Schizophrenia is the most prevalent MDS; more than 50% of those hospitalized were male, with an average age of 37 years. The use of services was associated with age (β=1.062, p=.000), family income (β=1.000, p=.000) and no laboral occupation (β=3.407, p=.000). The population with schizophrenia is four times more likely to require to be exempt from payment (β=4.158, p=.000). Conclusions: The population with SMD as schizophrenia is more vulnerable due to the associated functional and social disability and it requires specific heath interventions and a financial protection policy adapted to their mental health care needs.

[Mental health care needs and use of services in Mexican population with serious mental disorders]. / Necesidades de atención en salud mental y uso de servicios en población mexicana con trastornos mentales graves.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mental health care needs of the serious mental disorders (SMD) and factors associated with the use of services in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in two phases, the first with a national database of available services and its utilization; the second, a sample of medical records of a psychi- atric hospital. RESULTS: Schizophrenia is the most prevalent MDS; more than 50% of those hospitalized were male, with an average age of 37 years. The use of services was associated with age (ß=1.062, p=.000), family income (ß=1.000, p=.000) and no laboral occupation (ß=3.407, p=.000). The population with schizophrenia is four times more likely to require to be exempt from payment (ß=4.158, p=.000). CONCLUSIONS: The population with SMD as schizophrenia is more vulnerable due to the associated functional and social disability and it requires specific heath interventions and a financial protection policy adapted to their mental health care needs.

OBJETIVO: Analizar las demandas de atención de los trastornos mentales graves (TMG) y factores asociados con la utilización de servicios en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico transversal en dos fases: la primera con una base de datos nacional de servicios disponibles y su utilización; la segunda, una muestra de registros médicos de un hospital psiquiátrico. RESULTADOS: La esquizofrenia es el TMG más prevalente; más de 50% de hospitalizados fueron hombres, con edad promedio 37 años. La utilización de servicios estuvo asociada con la edad (ß=1.062; p=.000), ingreso familiar (ß=1.000, p=.000) y no tener ocupación (ß=3.407; p=.000). La población con esquizofrenia tiene cuatro veces más la probabilidad de requerir estar exenta de pago (ß=4.158; p=.000). CONCLUSIONES: La población con TMG es más vulnerable por la discapacidad funcional y social asociada; requiere de intervenciones específicas de salud acompañadas de una política de protección financiera adaptada a sus necesidades de atención.

[Cost analyses of medical care for schizophrenia and depression in México, 2005-2013]. / Análisis de costos de atención médica para esquizofrenia y depresión en México para el periodo 2005-2013.

The study aimed to analyze the costs of medical care for mental disorders in the Mexican health system. This was a retrospective cross-sectional evaluation study. As markers for the problem, the study selected two of the principal psychological processes in mental disorders in recent years: depression and schizophrenia. Annual accumulated incidence was identified based on epidemiological reporting by type of institution in 2005-2013. The mean annual case management cost was determined with the instrumentation and consensus technique, identifying the production functions, types of inputs, costs, and amounts of inputs ordered, concentrated in the mean case matrix. Finally, an econometric adjustment factor was applied to control the inflationary effect for each year in the study period. Mean annual case management cost was USD 2,216.00 for schizophrenia and USD 2,456.00 for depression. All the institutions in the Mexican health system showed upward and constant epidemiological and economic trends. The total cost for the two disorders in the last year of the period (2013) was USD 39,081,234.00 (USD 18,119,877.00 for schizophrenia and USD 20,961,357.00 for depression). The largest impact for the two disorders combined was in institutions serving the population without health insurance (USD 24,852,321.00) versus the population with private insurance (USD 12,891,977.00). The cost of meeting the demand for services for the two disorders differs considerably between institutions that treat the population with private health service versus the population without, and is higher in the latter. The study's epidemiological and economic indicators provide evidence for decision-making in the use and allocation of healthcare resources for these two disorders in the coming years.

El objetivo fue identificar los costos de la atención para enfermedades de salud mental en el sistema de salud de México. Se trata de una investigación evaluativa de tipo transversal retrospectivo. Se seleccionaron como trazadores del problema dos de las principales demandas de salud mental en los últimos años: depresión y esquizofrenia. La incidencia acumulada anual se identificó a partir del reporte epidemiológico por tipo de institución para el periodo 2005-2013. El costo del manejo anual de caso promedio se determinó a partir de la técnica de instrumentación y consenso, identificando las funciones de producción, el tipo de insumos, los costos y cantidad de insumos requeridos, concentrados en la matriz de caso promedio. Finalmente, se aplicó un factor de ajuste econométrico para controlar efecto inflacionario para cada año del periodo de estudio. El costo promedio del manejo anual de un caso en dólares americanos para esquizofrenia fue de 2.216,00 y para depresión 2.456,00. Para todas las instituciones del sistema de salud se observan tendencias epidemiológicas y económicas crecientes y constantes. El costo total para ambas enfermedades para el último año del periodo (2013) fue de USD 39.081.234,00, USD 18.119.877,00 para esquizofrenia y USD 20.961.357,00 para depresión. El mayor impacto para ambas enfermedades está en las instituciones para población no asegurada (USD 24.852.321,00) vs. población asegurada (USD 12.891.977,00). El costo de satisfacer la demanda de servicios para ambas enfermedades difiere considerablemente entre las instituciones que se ocupan de la población asegurada vs. población no asegurada, siendo mayor el de las segundas. Los indicadores epidemiológicos y económicos de este estudio contribuyen a la generación de evidencias para tomar decisiones en el uso y asignación de recursos para los servicios de salud que demandarán ambas enfermedades en los próximos años.

O trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os custos na atenção médica para doenças mentais no sistema de saúde no México. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de avaliação de tipo transversal retrospectiva. Foram selecionados como marcadores do problema dois dos principais processos psíquicos de doenças mentais nos últimos anos: depressão e esquizofrenia. A incidência acumulada anualmente foi identificada a partir do relatório epidemiológico por tipo de instituição no período de 2005-2013. O custo médio da gestão anual de caso foi determinado a partir da técnica de instrumentação e consenso, identificando-se as funções de produção, o tipo de insumos, os custos e quantidade de insumos solicitados, concentrados na matriz de caso médio. Por fim, foi aplicado um fator de ajuste econométrico para controlar o efeito inflacionário para cada ano do período de estudo. O custo médio da gestão anual de um caso em dólares americanos para esquizofrenia foi de 2.216,00 e para depressão 2.456,00. Para todas as instituições do sistema de saúde observam-se tendências epidemiológicas e econômicas crescentes e constantes. O custo total para ambas as doenças no último ano do período (2013) foi de USD 39.081.234,00 - USD 18.119.877,00 para esquizofrenia e USD 20.961.357,00 para depressão. O maior impacto para ambas as doenças encontra-se nas instituições para população sem seguro médico (USD 24.852.321,00) vs. população com seguro privado (USD 12.891.977,00). O custo a fim de poder satisfazer a demanda dos serviços para as duas doenças é diferente consideravelmente entre as instituições que se ocupam da população com seguro médico privado vs. população sem seguro médico, sendo maior o das segundas. Os indicadores epidemiológicos e econômicos deste estudo contribuem para a geração de evidências para a tomada de decisões no uso e atribuição dos recursos orientados aos serviços de saúde que vão ser demandados por causa das duas doenças nos próximos anos.

Análisis de costos de atención médica para esquizofrenia y depresión en México para el periodo 2005-2013 / Cost analyses of medical care for schizophrenia and depression in México, 2005-2013 / Análises de custos da atenção médica para esquizofrenia e depressão no México no período de 2005-2013

El objetivo fue identificar los costos de la atención para enfermedades de salud mental en el sistema de salud de México. Se trata de una investigación evaluativa de tipo transversal retrospectivo. Se seleccionaron como trazadores del problema dos de las principales demandas de salud mental en los últimos años: depresión y esquizofrenia. La incidencia acumulada anual se identificó a partir del reporte epidemiológico por tipo de institución para el periodo 2005-2013. El costo del manejo anual de caso promedio se determinó a partir de la técnica de instrumentación y consenso, identificando las funciones de producción, el tipo de insumos, los costos y cantidad de insumos requeridos, concentrados en la matriz de caso promedio. Finalmente, se aplicó un factor de ajuste econométrico para controlar efecto inflacionario para cada año del periodo de estudio. El costo promedio del manejo anual de un caso en dólares americanos para esquizofrenia fue de 2.216,00 y para depresión 2.456,00. Para todas las instituciones del sistema de salud se observan tendencias epidemiológicas y económicas crecientes y constantes. El costo total para ambas enfermedades para el último año del periodo (2013) fue de USD 39.081.234,00, USD 18.119.877,00 para esquizofrenia y USD 20.961.357,00 para depresión. El mayor impacto para ambas enfermedades está en las instituciones para población no asegurada (USD 24.852.321,00) vs. población asegurada (USD 12.891.977,00). El costo de satisfacer la demanda de servicios para ambas enfermedades difiere considerablemente entre las instituciones que se ocupan de la población asegurada vs. población no asegurada, siendo mayor el de las segundas. Los indicadores epidemiológicos y económicos de este estudio contribuyen a la generación de evidencias para tomar decisiones en el uso y asignación de recursos para los servicios de salud que demandarán ambas enfermedades en los próximos años.

The study aimed to analyze the costs of medical care for mental disorders in the Mexican health system. This was a retrospective cross-sectional evaluation study. As markers for the problem, the study selected two of the principal psychological processes in mental disorders in recent years: depression and schizophrenia. Annual accumulated incidence was identified based on epidemiological reporting by type of institution in 2005-2013. The mean annual case management cost was determined with the instrumentation and consensus technique, identifying the production functions, types of inputs, costs, and amounts of inputs ordered, concentrated in the mean case matrix. Finally, an econometric adjustment factor was applied to control the inflationary effect for each year in the study period. Mean annual case management cost was USD 2,216.00 for schizophrenia and USD 2,456.00 for depression. All the institutions in the Mexican health system showed upward and constant epidemiological and economic trends. The total cost for the two disorders in the last year of the period (2013) was USD 39,081,234.00 (USD 18,119,877.00 for schizophrenia and USD 20,961,357.00 for depression). The largest impact for the two disorders combined was in institutions serving the population without health insurance (USD 24,852,321.00) versus the population with private insurance (USD 12,891,977.00). The cost of meeting the demand for services for the two disorders differs considerably between institutions that treat the population with private health service versus the population without, and is higher in the latter. The study's epidemiological and economic indicators provide evidence for decision-making in the use and allocation of healthcare resources for these two disorders in the coming years.

O trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os custos na atenção médica para doenças mentais no sistema de saúde no México. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de avaliação de tipo transversal retrospectiva. Foram selecionados como marcadores do problema dois dos principais processos psíquicos de doenças mentais nos últimos anos: depressão e esquizofrenia. A incidência acumulada anualmente foi identificada a partir do relatório epidemiológico por tipo de instituição no período de 2005-2013. O custo médio da gestão anual de caso foi determinado a partir da técnica de instrumentação e consenso, identificando-se as funções de produção, o tipo de insumos, os custos e quantidade de insumos solicitados, concentrados na matriz de caso médio. Por fim, foi aplicado um fator de ajuste econométrico para controlar o efeito inflacionário para cada ano do período de estudo. O custo médio da gestão anual de um caso em dólares americanos para esquizofrenia foi de 2.216,00 e para depressão 2.456,00. Para todas as instituições do sistema de saúde observam-se tendências epidemiológicas e econômicas crescentes e constantes. O custo total para ambas as doenças no último ano do período (2013) foi de USD 39.081.234,00 - USD 18.119.877,00 para esquizofrenia e USD 20.961.357,00 para depressão. O maior impacto para ambas as doenças encontra-se nas instituições para população sem seguro médico (USD 24.852.321,00) vs. população com seguro privado (USD 12.891.977,00). O custo a fim de poder satisfazer a demanda dos serviços para as duas doenças é diferente consideravelmente entre as instituições que se ocupam da população com seguro médico privado vs. população sem seguro médico, sendo maior o das segundas. Os indicadores epidemiológicos e econômicos deste estudo contribuem para a geração de evidências para a tomada de decisões no uso e atribuição dos recursos orientados aos serviços de saúde que vão ser demandados por causa das duas doenças nos próximos anos.

Síndrome del lóbulo frontal con síntomas psicóticos secundario a meningioma gigante en varón de 38 años de edad / Frontal lobe syndrome with psychotic symptoms secondary to a giant meningioma in a 38 year old man

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Prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en un hospital psiquiátrico de México / Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a psychiatric hospital in Mexico

Introducción. El síndrome metabólico (SM) se integra por elevación de presión arterial, hipercolesterolemía, hipertrigliceridemía, hiperglucemia y obesidad abdominal; México ocupa el segundo lugar mundial en prevalencia de obesidad; se ha reportado que el uso de psicofármacos aumenta riesgo de SM. Objetivo. Detectar prevalencia de SM en pacientes con diagnóstico psiquiátrico y con o sin tratamiento psicofarmacológico. Material y Método. Se diseñó estudio observacional descriptivo, se obtuvo consentimiento informado, recolectándose muestra de 216 pacientes en periodo de seis meses, todos mayores de 18 años de edad. Se midieron las siguientes variables: presión arterial, peso, talla, circunferencia abdominal, niveles séricos de triglicéridos, glucosa y lipoproteínas de alta densidad, por test enzimático colorimétrico en analizador Roche. Análisis estadístico: t student, prueba exacta Fisher y Cochran-Matel-Haenszel. Resultados. El 50 % de la muestra tuvo circunferencia abdominal >88cm; 10% glicemia superior a 110mg/dl, 30% triglicéridos >150mg/dl; el14 % cumplió con criterios de SM. Al agrupar pacientes con y sin SM comparando glucosa y triglicéridos se obtiene p=0,0001 Con 93,4% de confianza se acepta relación sedentarismo y SM. Mujeres con 40-59 años de edad tienden a SM, 98,4% confianza. El único antecedente familiar asociado a SM fue obesidad (97,7% confianza). Existe relación positiva entre SM y uso de antipsicóticos típicos o atípicos. Los ISRS se relacionan con SM significativamente p=0,072 y 91,5% de confianza; benzodiacepinas conp=0,073 y 92,7% de confianza. Conclusiones. Solamente el 14% de la muestra presentó SM; los psicofármacos sí se asociaron a SM, teniendo mayor riesgo mujeres entre 40-59 años (AU)

Introduction. The metabolic syndrome (MS) is formed by elevated blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemía, hyperglycemia and abdominal obesity. Mexico occupies the second place worldwide in prevalence of obesity. It has been reported that the use of psychopharmaceuticals increase the risk of MS. Objective. To detect prevalence of MS in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis with or without psychopharmaceutical treatment. Material and Methods. An observational, descriptive study was designed. Informed consent was obtained, enrolling a sample of 216 patients in the six-month period, all of them over 18 years of age. The following variables were measured: blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, triglyceride, glucose and high-density lipoprotein serum levels, by colorimetric enzyme assay in Roche analyzer. Statistical analysis: Student’s t-test, and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel and Fisher’s exact test. Results. A total of 50% of the sample had a waist circumference >88 cm; 10% glycemia superior to 110mg/dl, 30% triglycerides >150 mg/dl; 14% met the MScriteria. When patients with and without MS were grouped, and glucose and triglycerides were compared, ap 0.0001 was obtained. With a 93.4% confidence interval, the relationship between sedentary life and MS was ayuaccepted. Women, aged 40-59 years tended to have MS, with 98.4% CI. The only family background associated to MS was obesity (97.7% CI). There is a positive relationship between MS and the use of typical or atypical antipsychotics. SSRIs are significantly related with MS: p0.072 and 91.5% confidence interval, benzodiazepines with p 0.073 and 92.7% confidence interval. Conclusions. Only 14% of the sample had MS. Psychopharmaceuticals were associated to MS, women between 40 to 59 years having a greater risk (AU)