Impact of an advanced hybrid closed-loop system on glycemic control throughout the menstrual cycle in women with type 1 diabetes prone to hypoglycemia.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) on glycemic control throughout the menstrual cycle (MC) in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We included 39 pairs of spontaneous MC from 13 participants, before and after switching from sensor-augmented pump to AHCL. Baseline time below range <70 mg/dL (TBR<70) was significantly higher during the mid-follicular phase than during late luteal phase (5.7±5.0% vs. 4.1±3.0%), but similar time in range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR) was observed throughout the MC. After switching to AHCL, a reduction in TBR<70 and an increase in TIR were observed in all phases. Phase-dependent changes in insulin infusion were detected and pre-existing differences in TBR<70 were eradicated (3.5±3.2% vs. 3.0±3.0%). However, TIR became significantly higher during the early follicular than during the late luteal phase (79.1±9.3% vs. 74.5±10.0%). In conclusion, AHCL improved glycemic control throughout the MC, but performance differed according to phase.

Frequency and awareness of hypoglycemia in patients with Type 2 Diabetes treated with two or more insulin injections in primary care outpatient clinics.

AIMS: To assess the frequency of hypoglycemia events, patient characteristics and the prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) using two or more insulin injections in primary care. METHODS: Cross-sectional study performed at 9 Primary Care Centers including review of electronic medical records and an on-site visit to patients using >2 insulin injections with suboptimal control. Episodes of severe hypoglycemia (SH) in the last 12months were recorded. Non-severe hypoglycemia (NSH) was considered as self-monitoring blood glucose <70mg/dl. IAH was evaluated and HbA1c was obtained. RESULTS: 157 subjects were included (age 68.4+10.7years, 82 women, T2D duration 18.3+8.7years). 57% used multiple daily injections. Total insulin was 66.9+43.4 units/day. The mean HbA1c was 9.2±1.4% (77±12mmol/mol) and only 13.4% had HbA1c <8% (64mmol/mol). The frequency of NSH was 0.74±1.37 episodes/week. Only one patient had a SH the last 12months. Around 10-12% of patients had IAH. In comparison with normal awareness, those with IAH had a longer duration of T2D (25.3±11.6 vs. 16.1±8.2 years, respectively, p<0.01). In the multiple linear regression analysis, only the IAH score and the total insulin dose independently determined the NSH number. CONCLUSIONS: NSH/SH in patients with T2D treated with two or more insulin injections in primary care settings seems to be relatively common. Although hypoglycemia awareness is predominantly preserved, the presence of IAH should not be ignored as it increases the risk of hypoglycemia and constitutes an additional barrier to recognize and address this burden in T2D.