High prevalence of human papillomavirus and European variants of HPV 16 infecting concomitantly to cervix and oral cavity in HIV positive women.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the prevalence of HPV infections in the uterine cervix and oral cavity and HPV16 variants in HIV+ women. METHODS: A total of 174 HIV+ women attended an HIV+ specialized clinic in Mexico City. Cells were obtained from the oral cavity and cervix to extract DNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the HPV sequence with generic primers. We detected specific HPV types using the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II Kit (INNOGENETICS). The identification of variants was studied by sequencing the E6 gene with a Big Dye Terminator Kit and an Applied Biosystems 3500/3500xL genetic analyzer. RESULTS: HPV infection was very high in the uterine cervix (168/174, 96.6%) and oral cavity (161/174, 92.5%). The prevalence of HPV concurrent infections in the cervix and oral cavity was 155/174 (89.1%). We found hrHPVs to be more prevalent than low-risk HPVs (lrHPVs) in the oral cavity (90.2% versus 45.4%) and that infections simultaneously affected the cervix (94.3% versus 36.2%) and oral cavity (85.1% versus 20.1%). Surprisingly, only European variants of HPV type 16 were found in the uterine cervix of women and the oral cavity of all tested samples (52 oral cavity samples and 52 uterine cervix samples). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of HPV, multiple infections and presence of the EP350G intravariant in both anatomical regions are strongly related to the persistence of the virus, which is fundamental for the development of cancer. Therefore, it is very important to control and monitor this high-risk population as well as implement programs for the early detection of HPV and vaccination.

Sociodemographic differences among HIV-positive and HIV-negative recently pregnant women in Mexico City: A case-control study.

National HIV preventive programs in Mexico focus on high-risk groups that do not consider women, apart from prenatal screening. Nonetheless, the epidemic in women is growing, and there is a need to better understand sociodemographic factors in women living with HIV (WLH). We performed a case-control study in Mexico City, including HIV+ and HIV- women with a recent pregnancy to compare their sociodemographic characteristics and describe the circumstances of diagnosis in HIV+ women, as well as prenatal screening frequency in both groups. Fifty cases and 102 controls were interviewed. HIV+ women were more frequently the only economic support of the family (20% vs 0%, P < .0001). Thirty-eight percent of cases had their first pregnancy at ≤18 years, versus 16% of controls (odds ratio 2.47, 95% confidence interval 1.07-5.72, P = .03); 16% of cases had lived in the street; 6% reported transactional sex, versus none of the controls (P < .0001). In the multivariate analysis, there was strong evidence of an association between HIV infection and age at the time of the interview, history of sexually transmitted diseases, substance abuse, history of violence, and civil status. Only 6% of controls were tested for HIV during prenatal follow-up. WLH in this study faced important social vulnerability. Targeting women living in these social contexts might increase early diagnosis and could tailor HIV prevention strategies. Prenatal coverage needs to be improved and should represent a national priority.

[Changes in maturation index and vaginal dryness after treatment with topical conjugated estrogens in low and conventional dose]. / Índice de maduración y sequedad vaginales. Evaluación de dos dosis de estrógenos tópicos vía vaginal.

BACKGROUND: local estrogen treatments have been used for vaginal dryness management. The objective was to determine the maturation index (MI) and vaginal dryness after the treatment with topic conjugated estrogens (TCE) in low and conventional doses in Mexican women. METHODS: postmenopausal women that received vaginal TCE cream. Group I Low-dose which received 0.5 g of TCE twice a week and Group II Conventional-dose with one g of TCE twice a week. The MI was determined and estrogenic value (EV) was calculated. Vaginal dryness was evaluated with an analog visual scale, and vaginal humidity by the moistening of a pH test strip measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis with Student's t test for independent and paired samples was done. RESULTS: 27 women were studied, group I (n = 13), group II (n = 14). There weren't any differences in the analyzed parameters. Both treatments increased the MI and decreased the vaginal dryness. CONCLUSIONS: low and conventional dose of TCE had similar effect in vaginal scope in Mexican women.