PP099. Chronic hypertension: follow-up of chronic hypertension pregnant women in 2008-2009.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic Hypertension (CH) is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. Because women are getting pregnant in late ages, the incidence of Chronic Hypertension in pregnancy is raising (2-3%). As a long term disease in its essential form, with low repercussion in target-organs at reproductive age, the medical complications related to CH are not the main concern of the pregnant women. However, it influences the pregnancy and may result in serious maternal-fetal complications, especially if a preeclampsia/eclampsia superimposes to pregnancy. The complications may be manifested as placental abruption, acute renal failure, cardiac decompensation, and cerebral accidents in the mother and of growth restriction and unexplained mid-trimester fetal death. The main goal in the follow-up of this pregnant women is to achieve controlled levels of blood pressure (Systolic - 110-140mmHg, Diastolic - 80-90mmHg) with anti-hypertensive drugs, and evaluate and early diagnose the most serious complication, preeclampsia/eclampsia(PE/E). OBJECTIVES: Review the cases of Chronic Hypertension followed in our institution in 2008-2009, with the analysis of population, anti-hypertensive drugs required to control HTA, fetal complications (growth restriction, preterm delivery and fetal death) and maternal/fetal complications (PE/E, Abruption placentae, Renal and Cardiac acute insufficiency, and cerebral accidents). METHODS: In a retrospective study, from January 2008 to December 2009, were analysed all files related with Chronic Hypertension followed in the obstetric department of Prof. Fernando Fonseca's Hospital. The statistic analysis was based on Excel 2007. RESULTS: The incidence of Chronic Hypertension was 40% of all hypertensive disorders in this period and of 1,5% in overall pregnant population. The maternal mean age of this group was 33,8 years (16;44) being the most prevalent pre-existing co-morbidities the endocrinologic disorders (obesity, Diabetes and thyroid pathology). 38% were previous medicated with anti-hypertensive drugs, the majority of them needing only one drug to control blood pressure (BP) (64%). During the pregnancy follow up, 78% were medicated with one or more anti-hypertensive drugs, requiring only one drug to control BP in the majority of cases 66%. In terms of fetal complications 3 cases of growth restriction were signed (2%), preterm delivery in 26 cases (21%) and 2 interruptions of pregnancy in the second trimester before 24 weeks because of maternal complications (2%). There was one case of Abruption Placentae (1%). In terms of maternal complications there were 5 ICU internments (4%), and one situation of acute cardiac disfunction (1%). The CH was complicated by PE/E in 22 cases (18%). CONCLUSION: Chronic Hypertension is a prevalent disease, with an elevated incidence in pregnancy, and potential major fetal-maternal complications, obliging medical professionals to a straight and careful follow-up to control BP levels and early diagnose the adversely outcomes.

PP145. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A two year study (2008-2009).

INTRODUCTION: The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. According to the group studies of NHPBEB 2000 four entities are defined: Chronic Hypertension (CH) previous to pregnancy, Gestational Hypertension (GH), Preeclampsia/Eclampsia (PE/E) and superimposed Preeclampisa/Eclampsia in Chronic Hypertension (PE/E CH). All this entities have different outcomes and require adequate follow-up and specific attitude. OBJECTIVES: Review all cases of hypertensive disorders in a two-year period, its incidences, and related maternal and fetal complications. METHODS: In a retrospective study, from January 2008 to December 2009, all files related with hypertensive disorders, seen in our department, were reviewed. The statistic analysis was based on Excel 2007. RESULTS: The global incidence of hypertensive disorders was 3.8% (309 cases), with each entity with an incidence of: 40% in CH, 40% GH, 25% PE/E and 7% PE/E CH. In terms of demographic characteristics the majority of the population were caucasian (46%) and black (40%), the mean age was of 31years (minimum of 12-maximum of 47), and mainly previous Chronic Hypertension and endocrinologic disorders as co-morbidities (Diabetes Mellitus, obesity and thyroid pathology). The fetal/maternal complications were mainly preterm delivery (26.2%), with a low percentage of Abruptio Placentae (1%). Maternal complications were analysed in terms of ICU admissions of 7%, cardiovascular/renal disorders of 1% and maternal bleeding 1%. No maternal death was described. Fetal outcomes were also studied, specifically in terms of birth weight, with an average of 2794 (500-5480g), apgar index in 1st and 5th minute below seven in respectively, 14% and 3.5%. CONCLUSION: The incidence of maternal complications in our analysis was lower than described in literature. The incidence of preterm delivery was similar to that reported in other studies, mostly due to late pre-terms (>32w).

Herpes simplex 2 e citomegalovirus: efeitos citopáticos vs mecanismos de infecção: [revisão] / Herpes simplex 2 virus and cytomegalovirus cytophatic effects vs infection mechanics: [review]

O vírus, contrariamente a outras classes de agentes que afetam o organismo, não são observáveis em microscopia óptica, refletindo-se apenas microscopicamente em efeitos virais (ECPV), que permitem identificá-los por constituírem um conjunto de alterações patognomônicas a nível celular. O aumento nuclear, a variação da morfologia celular, a perda do padrão da cromatina, as inclusões intranucleares ou intracitoplasmáticas ou a multinucleação, são alguns dos ECPV mais comuns. Entre os vírus que afetam a mucosa genital na família Herpesviridae, inserem-se Herpes Simplex 2 e o Citomegalovirus, cujo diagnóstico deverá ter em conta a complexidade dos mecanismos de replicação. Assim, e apesar dos vários métodos para a detecção do vírus, a citologia continua a ser um método viável para o diagnóstico destas infecções virais, sendo que a compreensão do processo de infecção contribui para a correta avaliação microscópica. Este trabalho tem como finalidade efetuar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o grupo Herpes, focando o Herpes Simplex 2 e o Citomegalovirus, assim como, explicar e relacionar os ECPV, associados ao grupo Herpes , tendo por base os mecanismos de infecção.

[Assessment of clinical practice guidelines about cataract management]. / Evaluación de guías de práctica clínica sobre catarata.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) about the management of cataract in adults. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A bibliographic search was carried out selecting the CPG based on the evidence or on the expert consensus, published since the year 2000. The guidelines selected were assessed with the AGREE Instrument. RESULTS: Six guidelines were assessed. Three were classified as "recommend with provisos or alterations" and the others "would not be recommended". In accordance with the AGREE Instrument criteria, no guidelines can be recommended for their use in the clinical practice if they were not modified previously.

Unstable angina: individualized stratification and prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the methodology of risk stratification and the prognosis of patients admitted with unstable angina. POPULATION AND METHODS: This retrospective study involved a population of 68 patients (43 males and 25 females with a mean age of 65.8 +/- 9.8 years) consecutively admitted for suspected unstable angina during the year of 1996. Thirty six patients (52.9%) had angina at rest, 13 patients (19.1%) had both exertional and rest angina, 9 patients (13.2%) crescendo angina, 6 patients (8.8%) new onset exertional angina (less than 1 month), and 4 patients (5.8%) post-infarction angina (less than 2 weeks). The risk stratification was individualized. The coronary angiography (35 patients) was only performed when the medical therapy failed in patients with recurrent angina, or with proved ischemia after an exercise test and/or thallium 201 stress scintigraphy. Thirteen patients (19.1%) did not undergo these tests (advanced age and or bad general condition, or refusal). The follow-up of patients with and without ST-T changes was compared, as well as those revascularized versus non-revascularized. It was possible to achieve a mean follow-up of 13.7 +/- 6.2 months (3 to 25 months). RESULTS: The exercise test and/or thallium-201 stress scintigraphy were positive for myocardial ischemia in 28 pts (41.1%) and negative in 7 patients (10.2%). The coronary angiography revealed three-vessel coronary artery disease in 18 patients (26.4%), one vessel disease in 11 patients (16.1%) and two-vessel disease in 5 patients (7.3%). One patient had normal coronary arteries. Medical therapy was the initial approach. Coronary surgery was urgently performed in 3 patients and coronary angioplasty in 5 patients for refractory unstable angina. In the whole group coronary artery surgery was undertaken in 14 patients (20.5%) and coronary angioplasty in 12 patients (17.6%). A mean follow-up of 13.7 +/- 6.2 months was obtained in the 68 patients. During this period 6 patients (8.8%) died due to cardiac causes and 16 patients (23.5%) were readmitted: 8 patients (11.7%) for unstable angina, 5 patients (7.3%) for congestive heart failure and 3 patients (4.4%) for myocardial infarction. Fifty two patients (76.4%) remained free of cardiac events. The patients with transitory ST-T changes had more cardiac events (unstable angina, myocardial infarction, mortality) than the patients without ECG changes (13/30 vs 2/30, p = 0.003). When the revascularized patients were compared to the non revascularized no significant differences were observed regarding myocardial infarction and mortality, however revascularized pts had a less significant incidence of rehospitalization for unstable angina (0/26 vs 8/42 p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: An individualized strategy can be effective in pts with unstable angina. In this study 76.4% of patients remained free of cardiac events during the follow-up, 23.6% had severe cardiac events and the cardiac mortality was 8.8%. The patients with transitory ST-T changes had more cardiac events and worse prognosis. No patients significant difference was observed in the revascularized versus non revascularized patients for myocardial infarction and mortality; however, the revascularized patients had less significant incidence of rehospitalization for unstable angina.

La centellografía de perfusión de miocardio con talio 201 en la enfermedad coronaria; importancia del coeficiente fraccional (k) de lavado segmentario del isotopo / Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with Thallium 201 in coronary disease; importance of the fractional coefficient (k) of segmental washout of the isotope

Se estudiaron 20 pacientes con TI 201 posterior al ejercicio supino, con imágenes secuenciales de miocardio en múltiples posiciones. La centellografía se interpretó visualmente y cuantificando la actividad regional del Tl 201, calculándose por regresión lineal, el coeficiente fraccional (K) de lavado segmentario. Se analizaron 60 segmentos divididos según la severidad arteriográfica de estenosis coronaria en: a) 24 segmentos con estenosis no significativa: usados para establecer el criterio cuantitativo de normalidad; el límite superior desviado 2DS de la media fue -0,0042. La especificidad de ambas interpretaciones fue del 96 y 100%; b) 7 segmentos con estenosis moderada; c) 19 segmentos con estenosis severa, y d) 10 segmentos con estenosis de infarto. La sensibilidad de la interpretación visual y del método cuantitativo para detectar las diferentes estenosis fue: nula y del 42,8% para las moderadas; del 57,8 y 56,6% para las severas y del 100 y 20% para las de infarto. El método cuantitativo aumentó al visual la detección de las estenosis individuales severas de la ADAI del 62,5 al 87,5%, de la ACI del 50 al 75%, de la ACD del 66,6% al 100% y para detectar la enfermedad de múltiples vasos en presencia de IAM previo del 66,6 al 77,7%. Concluimos que el coeficiente fraccional (K) de lavado segmentario del Tl 201 debe ser incorporado a la interpretación visual de la centellografía de miocardio para el diagnóstico de enfermedad coronaria

La centellografía de perfusión de miocardio con talio 201 en la enfermedad coronaria; importancia del coeficiente fraccional (k) de lavado segmentario del isotopo / Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with Thallium 201 in coronary disease; importance of the fractional coefficient (k) of segmental washout of the isotope

Se estudiaron 20 pacientes con TI 201 posterior al ejercicio supino, con imágenes secuenciales de miocardio en múltiples posiciones. La centellografía se interpretó visualmente y cuantificando la actividad regional del Tl 201, calculándose por regresión lineal, el coeficiente fraccional (K) de lavado segmentario. Se analizaron 60 segmentos divididos según la severidad arteriográfica de estenosis coronaria en: a) 24 segmentos con estenosis no significativa: usados para establecer el criterio cuantitativo de normalidad; el límite superior desviado 2DS de la media fue -0,0042. La especificidad de ambas interpretaciones fue del 96 y 100%; b) 7 segmentos con estenosis moderada; c) 19 segmentos con estenosis severa, y d) 10 segmentos con estenosis de infarto. La sensibilidad de la interpretación visual y del método cuantitativo para detectar las diferentes estenosis fue: nula y del 42,8% para las moderadas; del 57,8 y 56,6% para las severas y del 100 y 20% para las de infarto. El método cuantitativo aumentó al visual la detección de las estenosis individuales severas de la ADAI del 62,5 al 87,5%, de la ACI del 50 al 75%, de la ACD del 66,6% al 100% y para detectar la enfermedad de múltiples vasos en presencia de IAM previo del 66,6 al 77,7%. Concluimos que el coeficiente fraccional (K) de lavado segmentario del Tl 201 debe ser incorporado a la interpretación visual de la centellografía de miocardio para el diagnóstico de enfermedad coronaria (AU)