Dietary protein and multiple health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of dietary protein on specific health outcomes. The aim of our umbrella review was to summarize the existing evidence between the intake of dietary proteins and multiple health outcomes, and assess their strength and validity. METHODS: Our study was registered at PROSPERO (No. CRD42021255938). We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from inception to May 18, 2021, to identify relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. The validated "A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews" for assessing the methodological quality of included systematic reviews was utilized. For each association, we estimated the summary effect size using fixed and random effects methods, and the 95% confidence and prediction intervals. We also evaluated heterogeneity, evidence of small-study effects, and excess significance bias. RESULTS: Overall, 16 articles with 58 meta-analyses were included. All studies were categorized as over moderate quality. On employing the random-effects model, fourteen (24.1%) meta-analyses were found to be significant at P < 0.05, whereas only one (1.7%) remained significant at P < 10-6. Twenty-two (37.9%) meta-analyses had large or very large heterogeneity. Evidence of small-study effects and excess significance bias was found for three (5.2%) meta-analyses, respectively. One meta-analysis was supported by highly suggestive evidence, indicating that a 5% increase in energy intake from animal protein was associated with 12% higher risk of type 2 diabetes (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.17). Of note, the intake of animal and plant proteins had different health effects on type 2 diabetes, all-cause mortality, and risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Although the intake of dietary protein was associated with certain health outcomes, the strength of evidence was limited for most outcomes. Moreover, the source of dietary protein is an important factor that requires better consideration in future studies.

Health care-associated infections surveillance in an intensive care unit of a university hospital in China, 2010-2014: Findings of International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium.

Using a standardized methodology by the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System, a continuous health care-associated infections (HAIs) surveillance was conducted in our mixed intensive care unit at a Chinese teaching hospital. During the study period (2010-2014), 4,013 patients were hospitalized for 32,924 bed days and acquired 427 HAIs (482 HAI events), with an overall rate of 10.64% and 14.640 HAIs per 1,000 bed days. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was the most common device-associated health care-acquired infection, with an incidence rate of 19.561 per 1,000 mechanical ventilator days.

Hospital-acquired infection rate in a tertiary care teaching hospital in China: a cross-sectional survey involving 2434 inpatients.

A single-day hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) point prevalence study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in China. The overall prevalence rate of HAIs was 3.53% (95% confidence interval 2.80-4.26%) among 2434 inpatients surveyed. Respiratory system infection was the most common type of HAI (49.43%), followed by surgical site infection (22.99%). The pathogen detection results for 50 patients showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa to account for 24.00% of isolates, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.00%) and Escherichia coli (14.00%).