Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in the Wanquan River estuary, Hainan Island.

As the nexus where rivers and oceans meet, estuaries are vulnerable to microplastic (MP) pollution derived from rivers. However, few studies have focused on the pollution status of MPs in small estuarine areas. Here, the abundance and characteristics of MPs in surface water and sediment samples from a small estuary, the Wanquan River estuary, were studied. The average abundance of MPs was 6573 ± 2659 n/m3 in surface water and 1065 ± 696 n/kg dw in sediment samples from the Wanquan River estuary. Most of the MPs in water samples and sediments were red (92.9 % and 88.1 %) fragments (87.4 % and 95.5 %) with sizes <1.0 mm (90.8 % and 92.4 %) made up of antifouling paint particles (APPs) (83.5 % and 89.8 %), respectively. A significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between the concentration of Cu2+ and the abundance of APPs in sediment samples from the Wanquan River estuary. The APPs in the sediments can act as a continuous source of toxic chemicals (e.g., Cu2+) to marine environments. The results of this study expand our knowledge about MP pollution in small estuaries, and the ecological risk of APPs in the Wanquan River estuary to aquatic organisms should not be ignored.

An integrative investigation of developmental toxicities induced by triphenyltin in a larval coral reef fish, Amphiprion ocellaris.

Triphenyltin (TPT) is widely distributed on coastlines, which makes coral reef fish a potential target of TPT pollution. However, the negative effects of TPT on coral reef fish remain poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, the larval coral reef fish Amphiprion ocellaris was used to investigate the developmental toxicities of TPT at environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/L). After TPT exposure for 14 d, the cumulative mortality increased, and growth was suppressed. In addition, TPT exposure inhibited the development of melanophores and xanthophores and delayed white strip formation, which might be responsible for the disruption of the genes (erbb3b, mitfa, kit, xdh, tyr, oca2, itk and trim33) related to pigmentation. TPT exposure also attenuated ossification of head skeletal elements and the vertebral column and inhibited the expression of genes (bmp2, bmp4 and sp7) related to skeletal development. The observed developmental toxicities on growth, pigmentation and skeleton development might be associated with the disruption of thyroid hormones and the genes related to thyroid hormone regulation (tshß, thrα, thrß, tg, tpo, dio2, and ttr). In addition, TPT exposure interfered with locomotor and shoaling behavior, and the related genes dbh, avp and avpr1aa. Taken together, our results suggest that TPT pollution might threaten the development of one of the most iconic coral reef fish, which might produce disastrous consequences on the health of coral reef ecosystems.

Thymic lipofibroadenoma of the anterior mediastinum: A rare case report.

BACKGROUND: Lipofibroadenoma is an extremely rare thymic tumor, and the anterior mediastinum is the most common site. CASE SUMMARY: A 21-year-old male was admitted with fever without obvious cause for 2 months. After admission, the patient's highest temperature was 38.3°C, accompanied by diarrhea. Physical examination showed coarse breath sounds in both lungs. Chest enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a mass of mixed density shadow on the left side of the anterior mediastinum with a size of approximately 9.2 cm × 5 cm × 2.1 cm and a clear boundary mixed with a low fat density shadow. Mediastinal tumors were removed under general anesthesia by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Macroscopically, a clear boundary was shown between the tumor and the remaining thymus. Microscopically, the tumor contained a large amount of mature adipose and fibrous tissue with scattered cord-like epithelial tissue and a small number of lymphocytes scattered in the stroma. The tumor lacked thymic bodies. The neoplastic epithelial cells were oval or polygonal and arranged in fissures, the nuclei were uniform in size and mild in shape, and mitosis was rare. Epithelial cells were positive for AE1/AE3 and CK19, lymphocytes were positive for CD3 and CD20, and fat and fibrous tissue were positive for S-100 and vimentin, respectively. The Ki67 labeling index was less than 5%. Based on histological features and immunophenotype, thymic lipofibroadenoma was diagnosed. The patient was followed up 1 year after the operation, and no recurrence or residual lesions were found on the X-ray re-examination. CONCLUSION: Lipofibroadenoma is a benign thymic tumor, and thymectomy is regarded as the best treatment. The biological behavior of thymic lipofibroadenoma is good, and the recurrence rate is low.

Effects of intravenous and inhalation anesthesia on blood glucose and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder syndrome caused by relative or absolute lack of insulin and varying degrees of insulin resistance. The type and regimen of anesthesia may affect perioperative hyperglycemia following major surgical stress. The effect of perioperative anesthetics on the blood glucose level of diabetic patients will play an essential role in the postoperative recovery of patients. However, there is no rigorously-designed randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and total inhalation anesthesia (TIHA) on blood glucose and complications in type 2 diabetes. Hence, we design this clinical trial to compare the effects of TIVA and TIHA of hyperglycemia and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes undergoing surgery. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-blind, parallel controlled trial. One hundred twelve patients with type 2 DM who meet the qualification criteria will be randomly divided into two groups: TIVA group and TIHA group. The levels of serum insulin and cortisol will be measured before and after the operation, and the levels of blood glucose at different setting time will be monitored. All patients will be followed up by blinded evaluators at baseline and 1, 3, 7, and 30 days after the intervention. The follow-up included postoperative complications [such as myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, renal failure, anastomotic fistula, stress ulcer, incision infection, lung infection] and adverse events. DISCUSSION: The routinely used clinical anesthesia schemes are TIVA, TIHA and intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia. We expect that the results of this trial will provide high-quality clinical evidence for the choice of anesthesia options for patients with type 2 DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000029247, registration date: 20 January 2020.

4-Butyl-anilinium perchlorate.

In the crystal structure of the title salt, C(10)H(16)N(+)·ClO(4) (-), the 4-butyl-anilinium cation is mirror symmetric, the butyl C atoms and anilinium N atom and 1,4-position C atoms of the benzene ring being located on the mirror plane; the perchlorate anion is also mirror symmetric, with two O atoms and one Cl atom lying on the mirror plane. Trifurcated N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding is observed between the cation and anion in the crystal structure.

5-(1H-Tetra-zol-5-yl)-1H-indole monohydrate.

In the title compound, C(9)H(7)N(5)·H(2)O, the inter-planar angles between the benzene and tetra-zole rings and between the benzene and imidazole rings are 8.71 (3) and 1.32 (2)°, respectively. In the crystal, strong N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the organic 5-(1H-tetra-zol-5-yl)-1H-indole mol-ecules into chains extended along the b axis. The chains are further inter-connected into layers parallel to (100) via strong O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, the layers are inter-connected via strong O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Moreover, cohesion between the layers is provided by the π-π inter-actions between the imidazole, tetra-zole and benzene rings with centroid-centroid distances of 3.766 (2), 3.832 (2) and 3.733 (2) Å.

Isonicotinonitrile-4-methyl-benzoic acid (1/1).

The title structure, C(6)H(4)N(2)·C(8)H(8)O(2), is built up from an assembly of isonicotinonitrile and 4-methyl-benzoic acid mol-ecules and may be regarded as a co-crystal. The two planar mol-ecules [r.m.s. deviations of 0.002 (6) and 0.0028 (11) Å, respectively] are linked by O-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. They are nearly coplanar and only twisted from each other by a dihedral angle of 2.48 (6)°. In the crystal, the components are inter-connected by slipped π-π stacking [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6797 (11), slippage = 1.304 Å] and inter-molecular C-H⋯N inter-actions.

[Three-dimensional finite element analysis of effect of root canal taper and post on tooth stress distribution].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of root canal taper and post on tooth stress distribution. METHODS: Three-dimensional finite element models of human mandibular first molar with root canals prepared with 35# K file, ProTaper and Profile were established. The tooth were restored with fiber-resin, stainless steel and silver amalgam posts respectively. A vertical load on tooth occlusal surface was simulated. Marc software was used to analyze and calculate the stress distributions in the tooth restored with three kinds of different root canal posts, especially the in the cervical part and root. RESULTS: Different tapered root canals had no obvious influence on stress distribution in all three different posts. Stress distribution of stainless steel post located at the cervical and middle part of distal root, the highest Von-Mises stress was about 45 MPa. Stress distribution of silver amalgam post located at the orifice of root canal and pulp fundus, the highest Von-Mises stress was about 16 MPa. Stress distribution of fiber-resin post had no obvious stress concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Fiber-resin post is the most ideal root canal post. Stainless steel post causes remarkable stress concentration in the root, which may raise the possibility of root fracture.

Dichloridobis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine-κN)cobalt(II).

In the title compound, [CoCl(2)(C(5)H(9)N(3))(2)], the Co(II) atom adopts a slightly distorted tetra-hedral coordination geometry provided by two chloride anions and two N atoms from the organic ligands. The dihedral angle between the pyrazole rings is 85.91 (10)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by inter-molecular N-H⋯N and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen-bonding inter-actions.

[Clinical study of repair the defect of immediate implant by acellular dermal matrix].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect of acellular dermal matrix allograft in repairing the oral mucosal defect of immediate implant. METHODS: 51 cases underwent immediate implant surgery for 67 implants right after the teeth or roots extracted. The mucosal defect of implant areas were repaired by acellular dermal matrix. The basal membrane side of acellular dermal matrix was exposed to oral cavity, and another side was attached to the implant and alveolar crest surface. It was intercalated between mucosal flap and alveolar and fixed by iodoform pack or base plate. To understand condition of wound healing the patients were followed up from 4 months to 6 months after operation. The acellular dermal matrix closed wound and histological changes were observed. The implant was followed up months to 4 years. RESULTS: The wounds were completely healed in 54 implant areas, partially healed in 11 implant areas, not healed 2 implant areas. histological examination wasn't differentiation between mucous epithelium and graft epithelium. None of 67 implants showed deterioration in the follow-up of one year. It was no obvious sign of immune rejection. CONCLUSION: The clinical result of acellular dermal matrix in repair the mucosal defect of immediate implant is good, the advantages are not to affect the integration bone with implant, less operation trauma, good esthetics results.