Ecocardiografia com contraste miocárdico e cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma na avaliação de pacientes com torácica / Contrast echocardiography and gated perfusion imaging in the evaluation of patients with chest pain

Introdução: A avaliação de pacientes com dor torácica é muitas vezes problemática. O desafio em diagnosticar corretamente a etiologia da dor torácica é dificultado pela baixa sensibilidade dos métodos diagnósticos disponíveis. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a utilidade diagnóstica da ecocardiografia com contraste miocárdico (MCE) e da cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma (G-SPECT) para detecção de isquemia miocárdica. Métodos e Resultados: Dezoito pacientes atendidos no pronto socorro, para avaliação da dor torácica sugestiva de angina, foram submetidos à MCE e G-SPECT. Para ambos os métodos, a perfusão miocárdica e a mobilidade foram avaliados nos mesmos sete segmentos do ventrículo esquerdo. As imagens foram classificadas como positivas ou negativas para isquemia. Um segmento era considerado positivo na presença de um defeito da perfusão ou uma anomalia do movimento da parede. A cinecoronariografia foi realizada se MCE ou G-SPECT foram classificados como positivos para isquemia. Se ambos os exames foram negativos, o paciente foi submetido ao SPECT de estresse no dia seguinte. Sensibilidade e especificidade para detecção de isquemia miocárdica foram, respectivamente: A) G-SPECT: 1. avaliação de perfusão: 100 por cento e 75 por cento; 2. avaliação de contração: 66 por cento e 91,6 por cento; 3. associação perfusão+contração: 66 por cento e 91,6 por cento. B) MCE: 1. avaliação de perfusão: 20 por cento e 76 por cento; 2. avaliação de contração: 33,3 por cento e 83,3 por cento; 3. associação perfusão...

Left atrial function after ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Radiofrequency ablation of the pulmonary veins has been used to treat patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), and atrial damage after ablation is an issue of concern. To evaluate left atrial function shortly and midterm after ablation, 33 consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF were studied at baseline, 24 hours, and > or =6 months after ablation. Patients in sinus rhythm with normal ventricular function were included in the study. Echocardiographic measurements of left atrial volumes (Simpson's rule) and transmitral and tissue Doppler myocardial (A') velocities at the septal and lateral mitral annulus were undertaken at each time. Left atrial emptying fraction (EF; maximal - minimal left atrial volume/maximal left atrial volume) was used to express left atrial function. After 8 +/- 2 months, 30 of 33 patients returned (23 men, age 53 +/- 13 years), and all except 2 were in sinus rhythm. Shortly after ablation, left atrial minimal volumes increased (from 30 +/- 15 to 35 +/- 15 ml; p = 0.02), with maximal volumes unchanged, resulting in decreased left atrial EF (from 47 +/- 8 to 40 +/- 7 ml; p <0.05). Tissue Doppler septal A' velocities also decreased (from 8.2 +/- 1.8 to 6.9 +/- 2.0 cm/s; p <0.05). However, after midterm follow-up, both left atrial EF and septal A' velocities had slightly increased compared with shortly after ablation, although left atrial volumes remained similar to baseline. Septal A' velocity changes paralleled left atrial EF both shortly (r = 0.46, p = 0.02) and at midterm after ablation (r = 0.47, p = 0.01). In conclusion, after radiofrequency ablation, patients with paroxysmal AF experienced an initial impairment in atrial function, with improvement at longer term follow-up.

Left ventricular free wall impeding rupture in post-myocardial infarction period diagnosed by myocardial contrast echocardiography: case report.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular free wall rupture occurs in up to 10% of the in-hospital deaths following myocardial infarction. It is mainly associated with posterolateral myocardial infarction and its antemortem diagnosis is rarely made. Contrast echocardiography has been increasingly used for the evaluation of myocardial perfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction, with important prognostic implications. In this case, we reported its use for the detection of a mechanical complication following myocardial infarction. CASE PRESENTATION: A 50-year-old man with acute myocardial infarction in the lateral wall underwent myocardial contrast echocardiography for the evaluation of myocardial perfusion in the third day post-infarction. A perfusion defect was detected in lateral and inferior walls as well as the presence of contrast extrusion from the left ventricular cavity into the myocardium, forming a serpiginous duct extending from the endocardium to the epicardial region of the lateral wall, without communication with the pericardial space. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of impending rupture of the left ventricular free wall. While waiting for cardiac surgery, patient presented with cardiogenic shock and died. Anatomopathological findings were consistent with acute myocardial infarction in the lateral wall and a left ventricular free wall rupture at the infarct site. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates the early diagnosis of left ventricular free wall rupture by contrast echocardiography. Due to its ability to be performed at bedside this modality of imaging has the potential to identify this catastrophic condition in patients with acute myocardial infarction and help to treat these patients with emergent surgery.

Efeito do carvedilol na insuficiência cardíaca por cardiomiopatia dilatada: resultado de estudo duplo-cego, randômico, com grupo placebo-controle (estudo CARIBE) / Effects of carvedilol in heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy: results of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study (CARIBE study)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of carvedilol in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study, 30 patients (7 women) with functional class II and III heart failure were assessed. Their ages ranged from 28 to 66 years (mean of 43ñ9 years), and their left ventricular ejection fraction varied from 8 per cnet to 35 per cent. Carvedilol was added to the usual therapy of 20 patients; placebo was added to the usual therapy of 10 patients. The initial dose of carvedilol was 12.5 mg, which was increased weekly until it reached 75 mg/day, according to the patient's tolerance. Clinical assessment, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and radionuclide ventriculography were performed in the pretreatment phase, being repeated after 2 and 6 months of medication use. RESULTS: A reduction in heart rate (p=0.016) as well as an increase in left ventricular shortening fraction (p=0.02) and in left ventricular ejection fraction (p=0.017) occurred in the group using carvedilol as compared with that using placebo. CONCLUSION: Carvedilol added to the usual therapy for heart failure resulted in better heart function.