Health risk factors among adult individuals with and without diabetes in Brazil: Vigitel (2020-2023).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) among Brazilian adults. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Data of 75,860 Brazilian adults (≥18 years) were collected using the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) (2020-2023). Variables assessed included self-reported medical diagnosis of DM, sociodemographic factors (sex, age, schooling, marital status) and DM risk factors (regular consumption of sweetened beverages (≥5 times/week), infrequent consumption of fruits and vegetables, and beans (<5 times/week), insufficient physical activity, prolonged screen time on cell phones, computers, tablets (CCT), and television (TV), smoking, heavy episodic drinking, excess weight, and obesity). Logistic regression models estimated crude and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics) for the association between the risk factors and the presence of DM. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of self-reported DM in the population was 9.2%. There was a lower chance of regular consumption of sweetened beverages (aOR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.65-0.97) and heavy episodic drinking (aOR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.65-0.93) and a greater chance of insufficient physical activity (aOR 1.40; 95% CI: 1.25-1.55), prolonged TV screen time (aOR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.09-1.36), excess weight (aOR 1.62; 95% CI: 1.44-1.82) and obesity (aOR 1.87; 95% CI: 1.67-2.10) among individuals with DM. CONCLUSION: There was a lower chance of regular consumption of sweetened beverages and heavy episodic drinking among individuals with DM and a greater chance of insufficient physical activity, prolonged TV screen time, excess weight, and obesity, among that.

Ca2+ gradient and drugs reveal different binding sites for Pi and Mg2+ in phosphorylation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase.

The first step towards ATP synthesis by the Ca2-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum is the phosphorylation of the enzyme by Pi. Phosphoenzyme formation requires both Pi and Mg2+. At 35 degrees C, the presence of a Ca2+ gradient across the vesicle membrane increases the apparent affinity of the ATPase for Pi more than 10-fold, whereas it had no effect on the apparent affinity for Mg2+. In the absence of a Ca2+ gradient, the phosphorylation reaction is inhibited by both K+ and Na+ at all Mg2+ concentrations used. However, in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ and of a transmembrane Ca2+ gradient, the reaction is still inhibited by Na+, but the inhibition promoted by K+ is greatly decreased. When the Mg2+ concentration is raised above 2 mM, the enzyme no longer discriminates between K+ and Na+, and the phosphorylation reaction is equally inhibited by the two cations. Trifluoperazine, ruthenium red and spermidine were found to inhibit the phosphorylation reaction by different mechanisms. In the absence of a Ca2+ gradient, trifluoperazine competes with the binding to the enzyme of both Pi and Mg2+, whereas spermidine and ruthenium red were found to compete only with Mg2+. The data presented suggest that the enzyme has different binding sites for Mg2+ and for Pi.