Brazilian Psychiatric Association Consensus on the physical structure and ideal team for psychiatric emergencies services.

INTRODUCTION: An integral part of Brazil's public health system, the psychiatric emergency service (PES) has been instrumental in improving qualified support for crisis situations of mental disorders, equitable, universally accessible, and humanized. The purpose of this article is to present a systematic review and consensus about the physical area and facilities, and ideal team qualified for psychiatric emergencies services on both Brazilian settings. METHODS: The authors conducted a literature search using electronic databases such as MEDLINE (PubMed), Scielo, the Cochrane Database, and documents from the WHO, the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and others deemed relevant by experts. A total of 6839 manuscripts were found, but only 46 were selected. The analysis of article content summarizes consensus statements using the Delphi method and a series of interactive versions to provide a final report. RESULTS: Changes to PES are evaluated considering various experiences and models. The authors highlighted that The Emergency Care Network (ECN) must be coordinated with qualified management, effective implementation of integration of all health equipment's and units. PES must have adequate infrastructure; qualified staff, including a psychiatrist; sufficient consultation and observational spaces; tools and resources for differential diagnosis; training for all staff members; and communication with the health care network to facilitate referrals following patient discharge are all necessary. CONCLUSION: These standardized models need to be available to public health managers so that they can guide the installation of new services and adjust the existing ones, always looking for improvement. The authors propose requirements for PES as a model to be passed over.

Inverse Association Between Hypothalamic N-Acetyl Aspartate/Creatine Ratio and Indices of Body Mass in Adolescents with Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 10% of adolescents worldwide are overweight or obese, hence the urgent and universal need to elucidate possible mechanisms that lead to obesity in the adolescent population. OBJECTIVES: We examined the hypothalamic metabolism and its relationship with physical development in obese and eutrophic adolescents. METHODS: We performed a case-control study with 115 adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age, to compare obese (BMI z-score ≥ 2) and nonobese individuals (eutrophic controls; BMI z-score ≤ 1). The following hypothalamic metabolite ratios were examined as primary outcomes: glutamate/creatine (Cr), the sum of glutamate and glutamine/Cr, N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr, myoinositol/Cr, and total choline/Cr (glycerophosphocholine +  phosphocholine/Cr), quantified by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. BMI z-scores, pubertal status, and scores on the Yale Food Addiction Scale, the Binge Eating Scale, and the Child Depression Inventory were assessed as secondary outcomes. Pearson coefficients (r) or nonparametric Spearman correlation (rho) analyses were performed between hypothalamic metabolite ratios and other parameters, such as BMI z-scores, physical development, food habits, depression symptoms, and serum protein concentrations (cytokines, hormones, and neuropeptides). RESULTS: Adolescents with obesity showed a lower hypothalamic NAA/Cr ratio (0.70 ± 0.19) compared to their eutrophic counterparts (0.84 ± 0.20; P = 0.004). The NAA/Cr ratio was negatively correlated with BMI z-scores (r = -0.25; P = 0.03) and serum insulin (rho = -0.27; P = 0.04), C-peptide (rho = -0.26; P = 0.04), amylin (r = -0.27; P = 0.04), ghrelin (rho = -0.30; P = 0.02), and neuropeptide Y (r = -0.27; P = 0.04). Also, the NAA/Cr ratio was positively correlated with circulating IL-8 levels (rho = 0.26; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: High BMI z-scores are associated with lower hypothalamic NAA/Cr ratios. The negative correlations found between the NAA/Cr ratio and serum cytokines, hormones, and neuropeptides suggest a broad cross-talk linking hormonal imbalances, neurohumoral alterations, and hypothalamic functions in adolescents with obesity.

Sex-Dependent Dyslipidemia and Neuro-Humoral Alterations Leading to Further Cardiovascular Risk in Juvenile Obesity.

Objective: Childhood obesity is a growing concern as the World Health Organization (WHO) states that ~10% of adolescents worldwide are overweight or obese. This condition is the reflex of energy imbalance between the calories consumed and those expended. Sex-related responses associated with dyslipidemia, hormonal alterations, and neuro-humoral disruptions in childhood obesity are the focus of the present investigation. Methods: Ninety-two Brazilian adolescents were enrolled and divided between obese and eutrophic groups. Obesity was assessed using body mass index Z-score according to age and weight. Anthropometrical analyses, blood pressure, blood lipids, metabolism-regulating hormones, and neuropeptides were carried out. Results: Systolic blood pressure was higher in female and male patients with obesity. Obese females presented alterations in lipid profile and an augment of cardiovascular disease prediction ratios TC/HDL, TG/HDL, LDL/HDL, and VLDL/HDL. The levels of leptin, GIP, and neuropeptide showed sex-dimorphism in obesity. The obese adolescents presented increased levels of circulating insulin, c-peptide, amylin, glucagon, and GLP-1. Correlation analysis showed significant linearity between body mass index, blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, hormones, and neuropeptides content. Conclusions: Our data support an existing link associating hypertension, dyslipidemia, and neuro-hormonal imbalance in childhood obesity. We also described a sex-dependent pattern in childhood obesity-associated dyslipidemia and blood pressure in female patients with obesity solely.

Misidentification of mental health symptoms in presence of organic diseases and delirium during psychiatric liaison consulting.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of misidentification of organic mental disorders and delirium in patients undergoing psychiatric liaison consultation. METHODS: Data were collected at Santa Casa de São Paulo between July of 2009 and March of 2013. We included in our analysis all inpatients for whom the requesting service judged that a psychiatric consultation was required for a possible mental health condition. Outcomes of interest were the instances of misidentification where a condition was initially deemed to be of a psychiatric nature, whereas the final diagnosis by the liaison psychiatric team was of an organic disease or delirium. Our predictors were the clinical specialty of the requesting service, requester and patient characteristics. A series of generalised linear models were used to evaluate misidentification risks. RESULTS: A total of 947 subjects met our inclusion criteria, 14.6% having a final liaison diagnosis of organic mental disorder and 8.1% of delirium. Older patients were significantly associated with increased risk of misidentification for both organic conditions (OR 3.01 - 95% CI 2.01, 4.5) and delirium (OR 3.92 - 2.4, 6.39). CONCLUSIONS: Educational interventions in general hospitals focused on preventing psychiatric misdiagnosis should target in-hospital services where patients tend to be older.

The compliance to prescribed drug treatment and referral in a psychiatric emergency service: a follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the compliance to the prescribed drug treatment and referral of patients discharged from a psychiatric emergency service (PES). METHOD: From a total of 330 patients enrolled in the study, 175 (53%) agreed to a telephone inquiry 60 days after the PES visit regarding the status of the prescribed medication use and the outpatient referral. RESULTS 227 patients (68.8%) received prescription for a psychotropic medication and all patients were referred to an outpatient psychiatry service. Of the 175 patients who agreed to participate, 153 (87.4%) were successfully contacted by phone. Out of these, 97 patients (63.4%) were using the prescribed medication and 83 (54.2%) had scheduled a community appointment after 60 days. Patients who received a prescription had a greater chance of being on psychotropic medications at follow-up (OR 2.88; IC 95% 1.33-6.22; p = 0.007). However, the prescription was not associated with being in regular outpatient treatment (OR 0.76; IC 95% 0.036-1.61; p = 0.475). CONCLUSIONS: Psychotropic medications were routinely prescribed for PES patients, but this practice did not increase compliance to outpatient treatment referral after two months.

The compliance to prescribed drug treatment and referral in a psychiatric emergency service: a follow-up study / Adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e ao encaminhamento ambulatorial em um serviço psiquiátrico de emergência: um estudo de seguimento

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the compliance to the prescribed drug treatment and referral of patients discharged from a psychiatric emergency service (PES). METHOD: From a total of 330 patients enrolled in the study, 175 (53%) agreed to a telephone inquiry 60 days after the PES visit regarding the status of the prescribed medication use and the outpatient referral. RESULTS 227 patients (68.8%) received prescription for a psychotropic medication and all patients were referred to an outpatient psychiatry service. Of the 175 patients who agreed to participate, 153 (87.4%) were successfully contacted by phone. Out of these, 97 patients (63.4%) were using the prescribed medication and 83 (54.2%) had scheduled a community appointment after 60 days. Patients who received a prescription had a greater chance of being on psychotropic medications at follow-up (OR 2.88; IC 95% 1.33-6.22; p = 0.007). However, the prescription was not associated with being in regular outpatient treatment (OR 0.76; IC 95% 0.036-1.61; p = 0.475). CONCLUSIONS: Psychotropic medications were routinely prescribed for PES patients, but this practice did not increase compliance to outpatient treatment referral after two months.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico prescrito e ao encaminhamento em pacientes atendidos em um Serviço de Emergências Psiquiátricas (SEP). MÉTODO: Foram coletados dados demográficos e clínicos de 330 pacientes atendidos em um SEP durante um ano. Sessenta dias após o atendimento, a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e a continuidade do tratamento em caráter ambulatorial foram avaliadas através de contato telefônico. RESULTADOS: 227 pacientes (68,8%) receberam prescrição de medicações psicotrópicas. Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados para serviços psiquiátricos ambulatoriais. Cento e setenta e cinco pacientes concordaram em receber o contato telefônico. Desses pacientes, 97 (63,4%) estavam usando a medicação prescrita e 83 (54,2%) haviam marcado consulta após 60 dias. Os pacientes que receberam uma prescrição tiveram maior chance de estar em uso de medicações psicotrópicas no contato do seguimento (RC 2,88; IC 95% 1,33-6,22; p = 0,007). Entretanto, a prescrição não foi associada ao agendamento de consulta ambulatorial (RC 0,76; IC 95% 0,036-1,61; p = 0,475). CONCLUSÕES: Medicações psicotrópicas são prescritas rotineiramente para pacientes atendidos em SEP, mas esta prática não aumentou a adesão ao encaminhamento para tratamento ambulatorial após dois meses.

O valor das manifestações gerais do lupus eritematoso sistêmico infantil / General symptons in the childhood lupus erythematosus

Foram estudados 12 casos de lupus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) diagnosticados com base nos critérios propostos pela American Rheumatism Association (ARA). Observou-se ser mais freqüente em meninas (92 por cento) e na raça branca (92 por cento), ocorrendo principalmente entre 10 e 14 anos (67 por cento). O estudo mostrou que o LES infantil manifesta-se inicialmente com sintomas gerais (83 por cento) e articulares (75 por cento) e que os sistemais mais acometidos durante a evolução são o cardiopulmonar (49 por cento) e o renal (33 por cento); além de manifestações cutâneas (50 por cento). Houve dois óbitos, um paciente que apresentava acometimento renal e neurológico e outro que evoluiu com infarto agudo maciço do miocárdio.