Social support as a moderator of functional disability's effect on depressive feelings in early rheumatoid arthritis: a four-year prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of depressive feelings with disease-related variables and explore the moderating effect of social support on depressive feelings in individuals with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prospectively over 4 years. METHOD: Data were collected annually over 4 years. The sample consisted of 124 individuals with diagnosed RA (85.5% women; mean age 47.9 years; mean disease duration 22.2 months). The strength of cross-sectional and prospective associations of sociodemographic, disease-related variables and the direct and moderating effects of social support on depression were tested using correlations, multilevel models, and hierarchical linear regressions. RESULTS: The study showed that emotional support moderated the influence of functional disability on depressive feelings in individuals with RA. This was not detected for instrumental support. Further prospective associations between functional status, marital status, and depressive feelings were also found. Overall, the strongest association was found between initial depressive feelings and depressive feelings over time. CONCLUSIONS: Initial depression seemed to be a risk factor in explaining later depressive feelings, but emotional support might be prospectively beneficial, especially for individuals with higher levels of disability. Early detection of individuals at risk for depression and providing interventions aimed at the specific functions of social support might help to decrease mental health problems.

Social support and psychological distress in rheumatoid arthritis: a 4-year prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to investigate the course of psychological distress in early rheumatoid arthritis patients and to explore the strength of its associations with disease-related variables over time. A further aim focused specifically on the associations between social support and psychological distress. METHODS: The study had a longitudinal design, with four annual measurements over consecutive years. The course and stability of psychological distress on the individual level were investigated via test-retest correlation coefficients and changes over time were studied using the Friedman test for repeated measurements. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to analyze the multilinear associations of disease activity, functional disability, joint tenderness, pain and social support with psychological distress. RESULTS: Significant cross-sectional associations were found among functional disability, joint tenderness, pain, emotional support, instrumental support and psychological distress. However, after controlling for the erratic pattern of the disease and the relevant variables, only initial psychological distress and emotional support retained a significant relationship with psychological distress. The final regression model, in which functional disability, pain, emotional support and initial psychological distress were significant variables, explained 36% of the variance in psychological distress. CONCLUSION: The study stresses the importance of initial psychological distress, which was found to have the highest correlation with psychological distress experienced 4 years later. In addition, higher emotional support and lower pain were found to be the only variables independently associated with lower levels of psychological distress after controlling for the relevant variables.

A case of polymyositis and vasculitis induced by ovulation induction therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the first key hormone of reproduction. GnRH analogs are extensively used in in vitro fertilization and treatment of sex hormone-dependent cancers due to their ability to bring about 'chemical castration'. Recently it has been showed that it also plays an important role in the modulation of the immune system. We report a case of vasculitis and histologically proven severe polymyositis developed 5 days after GnRH administration due to ovulation induction in an infertile patient with no previous history of autoimmune diseases. After treatment with corticosteroids (prednisone, 30 mg daily), aspirin, and pentoxyphyllin in combination with rehabilitation, an amelioration of muscle impairment was observed.