Relación entre metodologías de control de la carga en el baloncesto profesional / Relationship Between Methodologies for Load Control in Professional Basketball

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la relación existente entre diferentes metodologías de medición de la carga de entrenamiento en un equipo profesional de baloncesto. 12 jugadores de un mismo equipo fueron sometidos a estructuras de entrenamiento iguales en cuanto a diseño y fueron monitorizados diariamente con frecuencia cardiaca, GPS y percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo. Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas entre todas las metodologías de control utilizadas. RPE (x2=12.4; P=.015), sRPE (x2=21.5; P<.001), TRIMP (x2=23.5; P<.001), SHRZ (x2=19.3; P<.001) y distancia (x2=21.7; P<.001). Se observó una correlación entre todas ellas exceptuando la variable distancia recorrida; Borg (p=.19; P=79), sRPE (p=.14; P=.299) y sHR-Z (p=.17; P=.197). Estos resultados sugieren que los diferentes métodos de evaluación utilizados para el control de la carga de entrenamiento determinan resultados variables en un equipo de baloncesto profesional. Se consideró que el ratio de esfuerzo percibido por sesión resulta el instrumento más eficaz para el control de la carga de entrenamiento. (AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between different load assessment methods in a professional basketball team. Twelve professional basketball players of the same team were subjected to the same training plan design and were monitored daily with heart rate monitors, GPS tools and perceived exertion scales. Results suggested that there were significant differences in training load between all monitoring methods: RPE (x2=12.4; P=.015), sRPE (x2=21.5; P<.001), TRIMP (x2=23.5; P<.001), SHRZ (x2=19.3; P<.001) and distance (x2=21.7; P<.001). Correlations were found between RPE and heart rate but not between these methods and the distance travelled during sessions: Borg (p=.19; P=79), sRPE (p=.14; P=.299) and sHR-Z (p=.17; P=.197). These results suggested that different load assessment methods render varying results in a professional basketball team. In this sample, perceived exertion rate was suggested as the best method for assessing training load in professional basketball players. (AU)

Effects of ergo-nutritional strategies on recovery in combat sports disciplines / Efectos de las estrategias ergo-nutricionales sobre la recuperación en las disciplinas de deportes de combate

In order to improve the recovery process in combat sports disciplines, ergo-nutritional strategies could be an effective option in training and competition. Some of these ergo-nutritional aids could improve performance but literature references are scarce, with controversial results regarding actual recovery effects. This systematic review aimed to examine which ergo-nutritional methods are most effective for assisting in the recovery process in combat sports, and to determine the appropriate training stimuli. This systematic review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines. A computerized search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Collaboration Database, Evidence Database, Evidence Based Medicine Search review, National Guidelines, EM-BASE, Scopus and Google Scholar system (from 1995 to April 30, 2021). The PICOS model was used to define inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 123 studies initially found, 18 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Data from 367 athletes from different disciplines were examined. The evidence was grouped in 4 areas: oxidative stress, muscle and energy recovery, muscle repair, and metabolic acidosis. Evidence showed that vitamins, minerals, and some natural ergo-nutritional products are effective as antioxidants. Carbohydrates and protein determine the recovery effect. Sodium bicarbonate has a role as primary acidosis metabolic delayer. Accordingly, ergo-nutritional aids can help in the recovery process. Considering the effects outlined in the literature, more studies are needed to provide firm evidence (AU)

Para mejorar el proceso de recuperación en las disciplinas deportivas de combate, las estrategias ergo-nutricionales son una opción eficaz en el entrenamiento y la competición. Algunas de estas alternativas mejoran el rendimiento, pero actualmente existe una escasa bibliografía con resultados controvertidos relacionados con el efecto de recuperación. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo determinar qué estrategias ergo-nutricionales son más efectivas en los procesos de recuperación. Se llevó a cabo siguiendo las pautas Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA). Se realizó una búsqueda computarizada en PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Database, Evidence Database, Evidence Based Medicine Search review, National Guidelines, EM-BASE, Scopus y el sistema Google Scholar (desde 1995 hasta el 30 de abril de 2021). Se utilizó el modelo PICOS para definir los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. De los 123 estudios encontrados inicialmente, 18 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad y fueron incluidos. Se examinaron datos de 367 atletas de diferentes disciplinas. La evidencia se agrupó en 4 áreas: estrés oxidativo, recuperación muscular y energética, reparación muscular y acidosis metabólica. La evidencia mostró que las vitaminas, los minerales y algunos productos ergo-nutricionales naturales son eficaces como antioxidantes, los hidratos de carbono y las proteínas determinan su efecto recuperador y el bicarbonato de sodio es el principal retardador metabólico de la acidosis. Se destaca la importancia de aceptar un plan ergo-nutricional para mejorar el proceso de recuperación. A pesar de ello, y teniendo en cuenta los efectos descritos en la literatura, se necesitan más estudios para reforzar la evidencia actual (AU)

Perceived Exertion in Small Sided-Games Internal Load Quantification in Wheelchair Basketball Players / Cuantificación de la carga interna en jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas

The present study seeks to analyse the physiological responses, differential perceived exertion and perceived load of wheelchair basketball (WB) players during a small sided games (SSG) and to analyse the existence or not of differences studied variables according to whether or not they have a spinal cord injury and the age of the players. This study makes a total of 128 observations of a single format SSG (4 vs. 4 players with a duration of 4 min). The players with a spinal cord injury obtain a lower mean heart rate (HR Mean) and a lower peak HR (HR Peak) in the SSG than players without a spinal cord injury (p < 0.001; ES = 0.9 to 1.1; large). However, players with a spinal cord injury show higher respiratory (RPE res) and muscular (RPE mus) perceived exertion than players without a spinal cord injury as well as record a higher respiratory (RPE res TL) and muscular (RPE mus TL) load (p < 0.001; ES = -0.7 to -0.8, moderate-large). Related to age groups, the results obtained demonstrate that players < 30 years old obtain higher HR Mean, HR Peak, tympanic temperature (p < 0.001; ES = -1.1; high), RPE res, RPE mus, RPE res TL and RPE mus TL (p < 0.001; ES = -0.7 to -0.9; moderate-large) than players > 30 years in the SSG. The impairment (whether they have a spinal cord injury or not) and the age of the players can affect the internal load in a SSG and the perceived exertion method can provide additional information about the load, especially among players with a spinal cord injury.(AU)

Años de experiencia como factor limitante en corredores veteranos de largas distancias / Training experience as a limiting factor in master long distance runners

En las últimas décadas ha aumentado el número de atletas veteranos en carreras populares de resistencia. El estudio, que incluyó 103 atletas, tuvo el objetivo de analizar cómo influye la edad y los años de experiencia en el rendimiento de corredores veteranos en largas distancias. Para ello se elaboró un cuestionario ad hoc. El análisis de los años de experiencia muestra correlaciones significativas (p<0,05) en todas las distancias de la categoría de 35-39 años, así como en la distancia de 21,1 km en categoría 40-44 años. Por otro lado, en la comparación entre categorías relacionados con el tiempo total, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la distancia de 21,1 km para los grupos de edad de 35-39/45-49 (p=0,014) y 35-39/50-54 (p=0,014) así como en la distancia de 42,2 km para los grupos de edad de 35-39/45-49 (p=0,022) y 45-49/50-54 (p=0,050). Los años de experiencia parecen ser un factor limitante del rendimiento (AU)

In the last decades, the number of recreational master runners in long-distance running events has increased. This study, which included 103 runners, aimed to analyze the influence of age and training experience on master runners' performance over long distances. An ad hoc questionnaire was used. Training experience analysis showed significant correlations (p<0.05) in all distances in the 35-39 years category, as well as in the distance of 21.1 km in the 40-44 years category. Furthermore, in the comparison between categories related to the total time, significant differences were found in 21.1 km distance for age groups of 35-39 / 45-49 (p=0.014) and 35-39 / 50-54 (p= 0.014) as well as in 42.2 km distance for the age groups of 35-39 / 45-49 (p=0.022) and 45-49 / 50-54 (p=0.050). Training experience appears to be a limiting factor for performance in recreational master runners (AU)

Effect of defensive pressure on movement behaviour during an under-18 basketball game.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of defensive pressure on movement behaviour during an under-18 basketball game. 20 international male players (age: M=16.05, SD=2.09 years old; weekly practice: M=10.9, SD=1.94 h; playing experience: M=7.1, SD=1.1 years) played two 10-min basketball quarters, using man-to-man »-court for the first 4 min (F»), man-to-man full court defence for the next 3 min (FULL), and man-to-man »-court defence for the last 3 min (S»). The positional data were captured by the Ubisense Real Time Location System and analysed with non-linear signal processing methods (approximate entropy) and repeated measures ANOVA. There were differences in the regularity values between F» and FULL in distance to the basket and to the opponents' basket. A stronger in-phase attraction in both lateral and longitudinal directions was identified; however, the centroids (i. e., the mean position from all team players) were closer and revealed higher values of irregularity in lateral displacements for all defensive systems. The individual speed displacements became more coordinated with teammates, particularly in the offensive court. Overall, this study provided evidence on how changing the level of defensive pressure promotes different collective behaviours.

Correlation between explosive strength, aerobic power and repeated sprint ability in elite basketball players.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between explosive strength and aerobic power with basketball-specific repeated sprint ability in elite male basketball players. METHODS: Twenty-four elite basketball players (age 22.2±3.4 years, height 197.1±6.2 cm, weight 95.7±8.8 kg; training experience 11.0±3.1 years; mean±SD), participated in the study. Subjects performed countermovement jump (CMJ) test and incremental pseudo-ramp test protocol with measured CMJ height and VO2max, respectively. Specific repeated sprint ability (RSA) test was conducted, with total sprinting time (summation of 10 sprint times - RSAtot) and sprint decrement (fatigue index - RSAFI) calculated. RESULTS: Significant decrements in sprint performance from the eight 30-m sprint (P<0.05) were observed. Strong inverse correlation was found between CMJ and RSAtot (r=-0.74, P<0.01). No significant correlation was found between VO2max and RSA outcomes neither between CMJ and RSAFI. CONCLUSION: CMJ is a predictor of RSA in elite basketball players. It seems that coaches and strength and conditioning professionals should devote additional time for explosive strength development in elite basketball players during preparatory period to enhance RSA performance.

Effect of a typical in-season week on strength jump and sprint performances in national-level female basketball players.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a typical in-season week including four practice sessions and one competitive game on strength, jump and sprint performances in national-level female basketball players. METHODS: Nine female basketball players (24.3±4.1 years old, 173.0±7.9 cm, 65.1±10.9 kg, 21.1±3.8% body fat) participated in ten testing sessions, before and immediately after practices and game (five pre- and five post-tests). Each session involved isokinetic peak torque measurements of the quadriceps and hamstrings of the dominant leg at 60º.s-1, countermovement jump (CMJ) and 20-m sprint. Fluid loss and subjective training load were measured during each practice session, while the frequencies of the main movements performed during the game were recorded. A two-way ANOVA was used to asses the effect of each practice/game and the effect of the day of the week on performances, and the relationship between performance variations and variables recorded during practices/game were analyzed by a Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Individual sessions induced significant decreases in lower limb strength (from 4.6 to 10.9%, P<0.05), CMJ (12.6% to 19.6%, P<0.05) and 20-m sprint (1.3% to 7.3%, P<0.05). Performances returned to baseline before the subsequent pre-test session, except on day 3. CONCLUSION: These impairments in performance highlight that coaches should plan conditioning programmes based on repeated sprint and repeated jump ability, and monitor the recovery of their players' strength, sprint and jump capacities following specific sessions.

Ultra short-term heart rate recovery after maximal exercise in continuous versus intermittent endurance athletes.

This study tested the hypothesis that athletes participating in intermittent sports would exhibit a faster heart rate recovery (HRR) during the initial phase (<30 s) following maximal exercise than athletes participating in continuous endurance sports. Forty-six male athletes were allocated into continuous (CNT, n = 24) or intermittent groups (INT, n = 22), matched for age and aerobic fitness. Athletes performed maximal exercise on a treadmill using the ramp protocol. Immediately upon exercise cessation, subjects were placed supine with continuous measurement of HR during the first minute of recovery. Data were analyzed in 10-s intervals and compared between the groups. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a group x time interaction effects (p

Análisis hormonal en un equipo de baloncesto de elite / No disponible

Actualmente, en el baloncesto profesional, la alta exigencia tanto de la competición como de los entrenamientos requiere un seguimiento minucioso de los efectos producidos en los jugadores. Controlar el impacto orgánico facilitará el conocimiento de los procesos de recuperación de los deportistas y permitirá un mejor diseño de la dinámica de cargas de forma individual. En este sentido, son varios los autores que han propuesto diferentes variables bioquímicas como marcadores (Adlercreutz et al, 1986; Vervoorn et al, 1991). El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir el comportamiento de la ratio T/C, la Testosterona (T) y el Cortisol (C) a lo largo de una temporada deportiva, así como aportar nuevos valores de la variación de dichos parámetros en jugadores profesionales de baloncesto (AU)

[Antilymphocytic sera versus azathioprine, combined with cyclosporin and steroids, in liver transplant. Comparison of the results at the intensive care unit and 2 years' follow-up]. / Sueros antilinfocitarios frente a azatioprina, en asociación con ciclosporina y esteroides, en el trasplante hepático. Comparación de resultados en UCI y seguimiento de dos años.

The use of anti-lymphocyte globulins (ATG, ALG, OKT3) for the control or organ rejection in humans, has been of major importance both in preventing and treating organ rejection resistant to other treatments. We present here the results of our immunosuppression protocol using two different therapeutic associations. To the first group consisting of 29 patients, low doses of cyclosporine, steroids and anti-lymphocyte globulins were given, and to another group of 11 patients azathioprine was given together with cyclosporine and steroids at the same doses as in the first group. We want to point out that the incidence of acute rejections was similar in both groups (17.2% vs 18.1%) immediately after surgery and a greater incidence of rejections at a later time during the follow up period in the group treated with azathioprine (34.4% vs 54.6%). The incidence of chronic rejections was similar in both groups (10.3% vs 8.9%). During the follow up period, the incidence of infections was higher in the group treated with azathioprine (13.7% vs 36.4%) as well as bacteremia episodes (17.2% vs 45.4%) (p less than 0.1). We also want to highlight that patients with graft complications (primary graft rejection) suffered infections (p less than 0,001) and had a higher mortality rate (p less than 0,05) in association to the infection.