Resilience dimensions and mental health outcomes in bipolar disorder in a follow-up study.

The individual process of resilience has been related to positive outcomes in mental disorders. We aimed (a) to identify the resilience domains from the Resilience Questionnaire for Bipolar Disorder that are associated cross sectionally and longitudinally with mental health outcomes in bipolar disorder (BD) and (b) to explore cross-lagged associations among resilience factors. A clinical adult sample of 125 patients diagnosed with BD (62.10% female, mean age = 46.13, SD = 10.89) gave their informed consent and completed a battery of disease-specific tools on resilience, personal recovery, symptomatology, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life, at baseline and at follow-up (n = 63, 58.10% female, mean age = 45.13, SD = 11.06, participation rate = 50.40%). Resilience domains of self-management of BD, turning point, self-care, and self-confidence were significantly associated with mental health indicators at baseline. In addition, self-confidence at baseline directly predicted an increase in personal recovery at follow-up, and self-confidence improvement mediated the relationship between interpersonal support and self-care at baseline and personal recovery at follow-up. These findings highlight that resilience domains are significantly associated with positive mental health outcomes in BD and that some predict personal recovery at follow-up. Moreover, some resilience factors improve other resilience factors over time.

Do extraversion and neuroticism moderate the association between bullying victimization and internalizing symptoms? A three-wave longitudinal study.

The current study examined the moderating roles of neuroticism and extraversion in victims of bullying. According to a stress-diathesis model, we hypothesized that adolescents with high levels of neuroticism and low levels of extraversion would react to victimization with increased symptoms of depression and social anxiety. A sample of 1440 adolescents (648 girls and 792 boys; ages between 13- and 17-years-old) completed measures of extraversion and neuroticism at time 1, as well as measures of bullying victimization, depressive symptoms and social anxiety symptoms at time 1, time 2, and time 3 (in intervals of six months). The results of multilevel analyses for longitudinal data indicated that there was a weak association between bullying victimization and social anxiety symptoms for the adolescents who scored high on extraversion. In addition, the adolescents with high levels of extraversion presented a greater reduction in depressive symptoms over time than adolescents with low levels. Although neuroticism predicted both depression and social anxiety, no significant interactions were evident between neuroticism and bullying victimization. Regarding gender differences, the association between bullying victimization and social anxiety was stronger for boys than for girls, whereas the association between neuroticism and depression was stronger for girls.

Cyber dating abuse: prevalence, context, and relationship with offline dating aggression.

The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) as tools to intimidate, harass, and control the partner has been, so far, little studied in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the extension and sex differences of victimization of cyber dating abuse, as well as the context in which it occurs, and its relationship with offline psychological and physical aggressions. The sample consisted of 433 college students ages 18 to 30 years. The results showed that over 50% of the participants had been victims of some type of cyber dating abuse in the last six months. The most common behavior was the use of ICT to control the partner. Also, victims of cyber dating abuse were victimized repeatedly, an average of 23 times in the last six months. The data also showed that cyber dating abuse appear usually in a context of jealousy. Finally, the results revealed a significant relationship between cyber dating abuse and offline psychological dating aggressions. Limitations and future lines of research are discussed.

Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms.

The schema therapy model posits that maltreatment generates early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) that lead to the development of emotional disorders throughout the life span. The model also stipulates that temperament moderates the influence of maltreatment on EMSs. This study examines (a) whether emotional abuse perpetrated by parents and peers, both alone and interactively with temperament, predicts the worsening of EMSs; and (b) whether EMSs in turn predict an increase in depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. A total of 1,052 adolescents (Mage=13.43; SD=1.29) were assessed at three time points, each of which was separated by 6 months. The subjects completed measures of emotional abuse by parents and peers, neuroticism, extraversion, EMSs, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety. The findings indicate that emotional bullying victimization and neuroticism predict a worsening of all schema domains over time. Contrary to expectations, there was no significant interaction between temperament dimensions and emotional abuse. The results confirmed the mediational hypothesis that changes in EMSs mediated the predictive association between bullying victimization and emotional symptoms. This study provides partial support for the schema therapy model by demonstrating the role of emotional abuse and temperament in the genesis of EMSs.

Brief report: the adolescent Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire: an examination of aggressions against parents in Spanish adolescents.

The objective of this study was to develop a questionnaire to assess child-to-parent aggression in adolescents and to document the extent of the problem. The questionnaire developed in this study, the Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire (CPAQ), includes forms of physical and psychological aggression directed at both the mother and the father. It also includes open questions about the reasons for the aggressive acts. The CPAQ was completed by a sample of 2719 adolescents (age range: 13-18 years old, 51.4% girls). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor correlated structure (physical aggression against mother, physical aggression against father, psychological aggression against mother, and psychological aggression against father). Psychological and physical aggression against the mother was more frequent than against the father. However, there were no differences with regard to severe forms of aggression. Girls scored significantly higher on all indicators of psychological aggression, including severe psychological aggression. Nevertheless, except for the prevalence of physical aggression against mothers, which was higher in females, there were no significant differences in physical aggression against parents. Finally, the reasons provided by the adolescents for the aggression included both instrumental (e.g., to obtain permission to get home late and to access their computers) and reactive reasons (e.g., anger and self-defense). These findings highlight the complexity of child-to-parent aggression in adolescence.

[Mental health characteristics of men who abuse their intimate partners]. / Características de salud mental de los hombres que maltratan a su pareja.

The prevalence of psychopathological disorders amongst men who abuse their intimate partners has yet to be established. This article reviews studies carried out to ascertain the mental health characteristics of male domestic abusers. Most of these studies are based on samples of abusers under treatment or in prison. They generally assess the presence of psychopathological disorders through self-reports and diagnostic interviews are infrequently used. The results of this research show that domestic abusers tend to obtain high points for some types of personality disorders, especially narcissistic, antisocial and borderline disorders. They also present symptoms of depressive disorders and consumption of drugs and alcohol. Some studies also show that neurological problems are relatively frequent. Finally I discuss the limitations of current research and the implications for treatment of domestic abusers.

Características de salud mental de los hombres que maltratan a su pareja / Mental health characteristics of men who abuse their intimate partnert

La prevalencia de trastornos psicopatológicos en los hombres que maltratan a sus parejas íntimas es un tema aún no resuelto.En este artículo se revisan los estudios realizados sobre las características de salud mental de los maltratadores. Lamayoría de estos estudios se ha basado en muestras de maltratadores que recibían tratamiento o que estaban en prisión. Porlo general evalúan la presencia de trastornos psicopatológicos mediante autoinformes, empleándose en pocas ocasiones entrevistasdiagnósticas. Los resultados de estas investigaciones muestran que los maltratadores tienden a obtener puntuacionesaltas en algunos trastornos de personalidad, especialmente en los tipos narcisista, antisocial y “borderline”. También presentana menudo trastornos depresivos y consumo de alcohol y drogas. Además, algunos estudios encuentran que los problemasneurológicos son relativamente frecuentes. Finalmente se discuten las limitaciones de las investigaciones realizadas ylas implicaciones para el tratamiento de maltratadores (AU)

The prevalence of psychopathological disorders amongst men who abuse their intimate partners has yet to be established.This article reviews studies carried out to ascertain the mental health characteristics of male domestic abusers. Most ofthese studies are based on samples of abusers under treatment or in prison. They generally assess the presence of psychopathologicaldisorders through self-reports and diagnostic interviews are infrequently used. The results of this research showthat domestic abusers tend to obtain high points for some types of personality disorders, especially narcissistic, antisocialand borderline disorders. They also present symptoms of depressive disorders and consumption of drugs and alcohol. Somestudies also show that neurological problems are relatively frequent. Finally I discuss the limitations of current research andthe implications for treatment of domestic abusers (AU)

Características de salud mental de los hombres que maltratan a su pareja / Mental Health characteristics of men who abuse their intimate partner

La prevalencia de trastornos psicopatológicos en los hombres que maltratan a sus parejas íntimas es un tema aún no resuelto.En este artículo se revisan los estudios realizados sobre las características de salud mental de los maltratadores. Lamayoría de estos estudios se ha basado en muestras de maltratadores que recibían tratamiento o que estaban en prisión. Porlo general evalúan la presencia de trastornos psicopatológicos mediante autoinformes, empleándose en pocas ocasiones entrevistasdiagnósticas. Los resultados de estas investigaciones muestran que los maltratadores tienden a obtener puntuacionesaltas en algunos trastornos de personalidad, especialmente en los tipos narcisista, antisocial y “borderline”. También presentana menudo trastornos depresivos y consumo de alcohol y drogas. Además, algunos estudios encuentran que los problemasneurológicos son relativamente frecuentes. Finalmente se discuten las limitaciones de las investigaciones realizadas ylas implicaciones para el tratamiento de maltratadores (AU)

The prevalence of psychopathological disorders amongst men who abuse their intimate partners has yet to be established.This article reviews studies carried out to ascertain the mental health characteristics of male domestic abusers. Most ofthese studies are based on samples of abusers under treatment or in prison. They generally assess the presence of psychopathologicaldisorders through self-reports and diagnostic interviews are infrequently used. The results of this research showthat domestic abusers tend to obtain high points for some types of personality disorders, especially narcissistic, antisocialand borderline disorders. They also present symptoms of depressive disorders and consumption of drugs and alcohol. Somestudies also show that neurological problems are relatively frequent. Finally I discuss the limitations of current research andthe implications for treatment of domestic abusers(AU)

Género y vulnerabilidad cognitiva a la depresión: el papel de los pensamientos automáticos / Gender and cognitive vulnerability to depresión: role of the automatic thoughts

Este estudio evaluó las diferencias de género en pensamientos automáticos como explicación a las diferencias de género en depresión. 764 estudiaates (464 mujeres y 300 hombres), con edades entre los 18 y 24 años, contestaron el Inventario de Autodiálogo y el CES-D. Las puntuaciones en pensamiento positivo y especialmente en pensamientos depresivos mediaron las diferencias de género en síntomas depresivos. La mediación también se confirmó para los valores de SOM ratios, con las mujeres mostrando SOM ratios más bajas que los hombres. Los resultados se discuten en el marco de la Teoría de la Especificad Cognitiva y el Modelo Tripartito de la Ansiedad y Depresión

This study assessed gender differences in automatic thoughts as an explanation for gender differences in depression. 764 students (464 females and 300 males), aged 18-24, completed the Self-talk Inventory and the CES-D. Positive thinking and particularly depressive thoughts mediated gender differences in depressive symptoms. Mediation was also confirmed for SOM ratios, with females showing lower SOM ratios than male students. Findings are discussed from the Cognitive Specificity Theory and the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression

Síntomas de duelo en familiares de personas con daño cerebral adquirido / Grief symptoms in relatives of people with traumatic brain injury

En este estudio se adaptó el Inventario Texas Revisadode Duelo (ITRD) a familiares de personas con daño cerebraladquirido (DCA). En el estudio participaron 223 familiares.El análisis factorial confirmó, con buenos indicadores deajuste, la estructura del inventario, consistente en dos escalas:Comportamiento en el pasado y Sentimientos actuales.Ambas escalas correlacionaron significativamente con síntomasde depresión y ansiedad. No hubo diferencias en síntomasen función del tiempo transcurrido desde la lesión.La comparación de las puntuaciones obtenidas en la muestrade familiares de DCA con las obtenidas en dolientes deotros estudios previos mostró que las primeras se encontrabandentro del rango habitual para las escalas del ITRD.Estos resultados se interpretaron como indicadores de lapresencia de síntomas de duelo ante el DCA sufrido por elfamiliar. Finalmente el estudio analizó las repercusiones deestos resultados para la intervención con las familias

In this study the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief wasadapted to family members of persons with traumatic braininjury (TBI). 223 family members participated in the study.Factor analysis confirmed, with good adjustment indexes,the structure of the inventory, which consisted of two scales:Past behaviour and present feelings. Both scales correlatedsignificantly with symptoms of depression and anxiety.There were not differences in symptoms depending on thetime passed since the brain injury. The comparison of oursample with previous studies’ grief samples indicated thatfamilies of victims of traumatic brain injury obtained griefscores in the usual range for ITRD subscales. These findingswere interpreted as indicators of symptoms of grief infront of the TBI experimented by the family member. Finally,the implications of these results for intervention withfamilies were discussed

Validez de constructo de la escala de hostilidad Ho de Cook-Medley en una muestra de estudiantes / Validity of construct of the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale in a student group

El objetivo de este estudio consistió en evaluar la validez de constructo de la escala de hostilidad Ha de Cook-Medley. Con este fin se estimaron mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios diversos modelos de medida previamente sugeridos en la literatura. Los resultados mostraron la naturaleza multidimensional de la hostilidad y, en general, apoyan el modelo propuesto por Barefoot y colaboradores (1989). Sin embargo, se encontraron diversas deficiencias psicométricas en la escala, como son la baja consistencia interna de algunas de las subescalas. Finalmente, se observó que las dimensiones de hostilidad se asocian negativamente al apoyo social percibido y a las habilidades sociales y positivamente a diversas dimensiones de la experiencia y expresión de la ira (AU)

The aim of this research was to assess the validity of construct of the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale. With this purpose were estimated, through confirmatory factorial analyses, different measurement models previously suggested in the literature. The results showed the multidimensional nature of hostility and, in general, they support the model proposed by Barefoot and colleagues (1989). However, some psychometric deficiencies were found, such as the low reliability of some of the subscales. Finally, it was observed that dimensions of hostility were negatively associated 10 perceived social support and social skills, and positively correlated to different dimensions of experience and expression of anger (AU)

Machiavellianism: dimensionality of the Mach IV and its relation to self-monitoring in a Spanish sample.

The aim of this study was to assess the measurement model of a Spanish version of the Mach IV Scale (Christie, 1970b), used to measure Machiavellianism, and its relation with the Self-Monitoring Scale (Snyder & Gangestad, 1986). 346 undergraduate students (70 males and 276 females) filled in both scales. The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a four-factor structure to be the most adequate model for the Mach IV, with the following factors: Positive Interpersonal Tactics, Negative Tactics, Positive View of Human Nature, and Cynical View of Human Nature. These results are not in accordance with the original factor structure but are consistent with other authors' findings. A structural model between Machiavellianism and self-monitoring was tested, showing statistically significant paths between interpersonal tactics and one self-monitoring subscale.