[The Every Woman Every Child initiative: supporting countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to reduce social inequalities in healthA iniciativa "Todas as mulheres, todas as crianças" oferece apoio aos países da América Latina e Caribe para reduzir as desigualdades sociais de saúde]. / La iniciativa Todas las Mujeres Todos los Niños brinda apoyo a los países de América Latina y el Caribe para reducir las desigualdades sociales en la salud.

Every Woman Every Child Latin America and the Caribbean (EWEC-LAC) was established in 2017 as a regional inter-agency mechanism. EWEC-LAC coordinates the regional implementation of the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including adaptation to region specific needs, to end preventable deaths, ensure health and well-being and expand enabling environments for the health and well-being of women, children and adolescents. To advance the equitable achievement of these objectives, EWEC-LAC's three working groups collectively support LAC countries in measuring and monitoring social inequalities in health, advocating for their reduction, and designing and implementing equity-oriented strategies, policies and interventions. This support for data-driven advocacy, capacity building, and policy and program solutions toward closing current gaps ensures that no one is left behind. Members of EWEC-LAC include PAHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, USAID, LAC Regional Neonatal Alliance, and the LAC Regional Task Force for the Reduction of Maternal Mortality. To date, EWEC-LAC has developed and collected innovative tools and resources and begun to engage with countries to utilize them to reduce equity gaps. These resources include a framework for the measurement of social inequalities in health, data use and advocacy tools including a data dashboard to visualize trends in social inequalities in health in LAC countries, a methodology for setting targets for the reduction of inequalities, and a compendium of tools, instruments and methods to identify and address social inequalities in health. EWEC-LAC has also engaged regionally to emphasize the importance of recognizing these inequalities at social and political levels, and advocated for the reduction of these gaps. Attention to closing health equity gaps is ever more critical in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic which has exploited existing vulnerabilities. More equitable health systems will be better prepared to confront future health shocks.

A iniciativa "Todas as mulheres, todas as crianças da América Latina e Caribe" (EWEC-LAC, na sigla em inglês) foi criada em 2017 como um mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordena a implementação regional da Estratégia Mundial para a Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente 2016-2030 na América Latina e Caribe (ALC), incluindo sua adaptação a necessidades específicas da região, para acabar com as mortes evitáveis, garantir a saúde e o bem-estar e expandir ambientes propícios para a saúde e o bem-estar de mulheres, crianças e adolescentes. Para promover o alcance equitativo desses objetivos, os três grupos de trabalho da EWEC-LAC apoiam coletivamente os países da ALC com a medição e o monitoramento das desigualdades sociais de saúde, a promoção de sua redução, e o delineamento e a implementação de estratégias, políticas e intervenções voltadas para a equidade. Esse apoio para fechar as lacunas atuais assegura que ninguém seja deixado para trás. Os membros da iniciativa EWEC-LAC incluem UNFPA, OPAS, ONU Mulheres, UNAIDS, UNICEF, Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, USAID, Aliança Neonatal Regional para ALC e Grupo de Trabalho Regional para a Redução da Mortalidade Materna. Até o momento, a EWEC-LAC desenvolveu e compilou ferramentas e recursos inovadores e começou a colaborar com os países para utilizá-los a fim de reduzir as lacunas de equidade. Isso inclui uma estrutura de medição das desigualdades sociais de saúde, ferramentas de promoção de dados (como um painel de dados para visualizar tendências nas desigualdades sociais de saúde), uma metodologia para estabelecer metas para reduzir as desigualdades e um compêndio de ferramentas e métodos para identificar e abordar as desigualdades sociais de saúde. A EWEC-LAC trabalhou na região para enfatizar a importância de reconhecer essas desigualdades nos níveis social e político, e defendeu sua redução. A atenção para o fechamento das lacunas de equidade na saúde é cada vez mais crítica frente à pandemia de COVID-19, que exacerbou as vulnerabilidades existentes. Sistemas de saúde mais equitativos estarão mais bem preparados para lidar com futuras crises de saúde.

La iniciativa Todas las Mujeres Todos los Niños brinda apoyo a los países de América Latina y el Caribe para reducir las desigualdades sociales en la salud

[RESUMEN]. La iniciativa Todas las Mujeres Todos los Niños América Latina y el Caribe (EWEC-LAC, por su sigla en inglés) se estableció en el 2017 como un mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordina la implementación regional de la Estrategia Mundial para la Salud de la Mujer, el Niño y el Adolescente 2016-2030 en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), lo que incluye su adaptación a necesidades específicas de la Región, para poner fin a las muertes evitables, garantizar la salud y el bienestar, y ampliar los entornos propicios para la salud y el bienestar de mujeres, niños y adolescentes. Para promover el logro equitativo de estos objetivos, los tres grupos de trabajo de EWEC-LAC apoyan colectivamente a los países de ALC en la medición y el monitoreo de las desigualdades sociales en la salud, la promoción de la disminución de estas y el diseño e implementación de estrategias, políticas e intervenciones orientadas a la equidad. Este apoyo para cerrar las brechas actuales asegura que nadie se quede atrás. Los miembros de la iniciativa EWEC-LAC incluyen al UNFPA, la OPS, ONU-Mujeres, ONUSIDA, UNICEF, el Banco Mundial, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, USAID, la Alianza Regional Neonatal para ALC y el Grupo de Trabajo Regional para la Reducción de la Mortalidad Materna. A la fecha, EWEC-LAC ha desarrollado y recopilado herramientas y recursos innovadores, y ha comenzado a colaborar con los países para utilizarlos a fin de reducir las brechas en la equidad. Estos incluyen un marco de medición de las desigualdades sociales en la salud, herramientas de promoción de datos, como un tablero de datos para visualizar tendencias en las desigualdades sociales en la salud, una metodología para establecer metas en la disminución de las desigualdades, y un compendio de herramientas y métodos para identificar y abordar las desigualdades sociales en la salud. EWEC-LAC ha trabajado en la Región para enfatizar la importancia de reconocer estas desigualdades a los niveles sociales y políticos, y ha abogado por su disminución. La atención para cerrar las brechas de equidad en la salud es cada vez más crítica frente a la pandemia de COVID-19, que ha agudizado las vulnerabilidades existentes. Los sistemas de salud más equitativos estarán mejor preparados para hacer frente a futuras crisis de salud.

[ABSTRACT]. Every Woman Every Child Latin America and the Caribbean (EWEC-LAC) was established in 2017 as a regio- nal inter-agency mechanism. EWEC-LAC coordinates the regional implementation of the Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including adapta- tion to region specific needs, to end preventable deaths, ensure health and well-being and expand enabling environments for the health and well-being of women, children and adolescents. To advance the equitable achievement of these objectives, EWEC-LAC’s three working groups collectively support LAC countries in measuring and monitoring social inequalities in health, advocating for their reduction, and designing and implementing equity-oriented strategies, policies and interventions. This support for data-driven advocacy, capacity building, and policy and program solutions toward closing current gaps ensures that no one is left behind. Members of EWEC-LAC include PAHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, USAID, LAC Regional Neonatal Alliance, and the LAC Regional Task Force for the Reduction of Maternal Mortality. To date, EWEC-LAC has developed and collected innovative tools and resources and begun to engage with countries to utilize them to reduce equity gaps. These resources include a framework for the measurement of social inequalities in health, data use and advocacy tools including a data dashboard to visualize trends in social inequalities in health in LAC countries, a methodology for setting targets for the reduction of inequalities, and a compendium of tools, instruments and methods to identify and address social inequalities in health. EWEC-LAC has also engaged regionally to emphasize the importance of recogni- zing these inequalities at social and political levels, and advocated for the reduction of these gaps. Attention to closing health equity gaps is ever more critical in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic which has exploited existing vulnerabilities. More equitable health systems will be better prepared to confront future health shocks.

[RESUMO]. A iniciativa “Todas as mulheres, todas as crianças da América Latina e Caribe” (EWEC-LAC, na sigla em inglês) foi criada em 2017 como um mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordena a implementação regio- nal da Estratégia Mundial para a Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente 2016-2030 na América Latina e Caribe (ALC), incluindo sua adaptação a necessidades específicas da região, para acabar com as mortes evitáveis, garantir a saúde e o bem-estar e expandir ambientes propícios para a saúde e o bem-estar de mulheres, crianças e adolescentes. Para promover o alcance equitativo desses objetivos, os três grupos de trabalho da EWEC-LAC apoiam coletivamente os países da ALC com a medição e o monitoramento das desigualdades sociais de saúde, a promoção de sua redução, e o delineamento e a implementação de estra- tégias, políticas e intervenções voltadas para a equidade. Esse apoio para fechar as lacunas atuais assegura que ninguém seja deixado para trás. Os membros da iniciativa EWEC-LAC incluem UNFPA, OPAS, ONU Mulheres, UNAIDS, UNICEF, Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, USAID, Aliança Neonatal Regional para ALC e Grupo de Trabalho Regional para a Redução da Mortalidade Materna. Até o momento, a EWEC-LAC desenvolveu e compilou ferramentas e recursos inovadores e começou a colaborar com os países para utilizá-los a fim de reduzir as lacunas de equidade. Isso inclui uma estrutura de medição das desigualdades sociais de saúde, ferramentas de promoção de dados (como um painel de dados para visualizar tendências nas desigualdades sociais de saúde), uma metodologia para estabelecer metas para reduzir as desigualdades e um compêndio de ferramentas e métodos para identificar e abordar as des- igualdades sociais de saúde. A EWEC-LAC trabalhou na região para enfatizar a importância de reconhecer essas desigualdades nos níveis social e político, e defendeu sua redução. A atenção para o fechamento das lacunas de equidade na saúde é cada vez mais crítica frente à pandemia de COVID-19, que exacerbou as vulnerabilidades existentes. Sistemas de saúde mais equitativos estarão mais bem preparados para lidar com futuras crises de saúde.

The Every Woman Every Child initiative: supporting countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to reduce social inequalities in health.

The Every Woman Every Child Latin America and the Caribbean (EWEC-LAC) initiative was established in 2017 as a regional inter-agency mechanism. EWEC-LAC coordinates the regional implementation of the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including adaptation to region specific needs, to end preventable deaths, ensure health and well-being and expand enabling environments for the health and well-being of women, children and adolescents. To advance the equitable achievement of these objectives, EWEC-LAC's three working groups collectively support LAC countries in measuring and monitoring social inequalities in health, advocating for their reduction, and designing and implementing equity-oriented strategies, policies and interventions. This support for data-driven advocacy, capacity building, and policy and program solutions toward closing current gaps ensures that no one is left behind. Members of EWEC-LAC include PAHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, USAID, LAC Regional Neonatal Alliance, and the LAC Regional Task Force for the Reduction of Maternal Mortality. To date, EWEC-LAC has developed and collected innovative tools and resources and begun to engage with countries to utilize them to reduce equity gaps. These resources include a framework for the measurement of social inequalities in health, data use and advocacy tools including a data dashboard to visualize trends in social inequalities in health in LAC countries, a methodology for setting targets for the reduction of inequalities, and a compendium of tools, instruments and methods to identify and address social inequalities in health. EWEC-LAC has also engaged regionally to emphasize the importance of recognizing these inequalities at social and political levels, and advocated for the reduction of these gaps. Attention to closing health equity gaps is ever more critical in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic which has exploited existing vulnerabilities. More equitable health systems will be better prepared to confront future health shocks.

RESUMEN: La iniciativa Todas las mujeres, Todos los niños América Latina y el Caribe (EWEC-LAC, por su sigla en inglés) se estableció en 2017 como un mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordina la implementación regional de la Estrategia Mundial para la Salud de la Mujer, el Niño y el Adolescente en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), incluyendo la adaptación a necesidades específicas de la región, para poner fin a muertes evitables, garantizar la salud y el bienestar y ampliar entornos propicios para la salud y el bienestar de mujeres, niños, niñas y adolescentes. Para promover el logro equitativo de estos objetivos, los tres grupos de trabajo de EWEC-LAC colectivamente apoyan a los países de ALC en la medición y monitoreo de las desigualdades sociales en salud, la abogacía por la disminución de estas y el diseño e implementación de estrategias, políticas e intervenciones orientadas a la equidad. Este apoyo para cerrar brechas actuales asegura que nadie se quede atrás. Miembros de EWEC-LAC incluyen FPNU, OPS, ONU Mujeres, ONUSIDA, UNICEF, el Banco Mundial, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, USAID, la Alianza Regional Neonatal para ALC, y el Grupo de Trabajo Regional para la Reducción de la Mortalidad Materna. A la fecha, EWEC-LAC ha desarrollado y recopilado herramientas y recursos innovadores y ha comenzado a colaborar con los países para utilizarlos a fin de reducir brechas de equidad. Estos incluyen un marco de medición de desigualdades sociales en salud, herramientas de promoción de datos incluyendo un tablero de datos para visualizar tendencias en desigualdades sociales en salud, una metodología para establecer metas en la disminución de las desigualdades y un compendio de herramientas y métodos para identificar y abordar las desigualdades sociales en salud. EWEC-LAC ha trabajado en la región para enfatizar la importancia de reconocer estas desigualdades a niveles sociales y políticos, y ha abogado por la disminución de éstas. La atención para cerrar las brechas de equidad en salud es cada vez más crítica frente a la pandemia de COVID-19, que ha agudizado las vulnerabilidades existentes. Sistemas de salud más equitativos estarán mejor preparados para hacer frente a futuras crisis de salud.

La iniciativa Todas las Mujeres Todos los Niños brinda apoyo a los países de América Latina y el Caribe para reducir las desigualdades sociales en la salud / The Every Woman Every Child initiative: supporting countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to reduce social inequalities in health / A iniciativa "Todas as mulheres, todas as crianças" oferece apoio aos países da América Latina e Caribe para reduzir as desigualdades sociais de saúde

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ABSTRACT Every Woman Every Child Latin America and the Caribbean (EWEC-LAC) was established in 2017 as a regional inter-agency mechanism. EWEC-LAC coordinates the regional implementation of the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including adaptation to region specific needs, to end preventable deaths, ensure health and well-being and expand enabling environments for the health and well-being of women, children and adolescents. To advance the equitable achievement of these objectives, EWEC-LAC's three working groups collectively support LAC countries in measuring and monitoring social inequalities in health, advocating for their reduction, and designing and implementing equity-oriented strategies, policies and interventions. This support for data-driven advocacy, capacity building, and policy and program solutions toward closing current gaps ensures that no one is left behind. Members of EWEC-LAC include PAHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, USAID, LAC Regional Neonatal Alliance, and the LAC Regional Task Force for the Reduction of Maternal Mortality. To date, EWEC-LAC has developed and collected innovative tools and resources and begun to engage with countries to utilize them to reduce equity gaps. These resources include a framework for the measurement of social inequalities in health, data use and advocacy tools including a data dashboard to visualize trends in social inequalities in health in LAC countries, a methodology for setting targets for the reduction of inequalities, and a compendium of tools, instruments and methods to identify and address social inequalities in health. EWEC-LAC has also engaged regionally to emphasize the importance of recognizing these inequalities at social and political levels, and advocated for the reduction of these gaps. Attention to closing health equity gaps is ever more critical in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic which has exploited existing vulnerabilities. More equitable health systems will be better prepared to confront future health shocks.

RESUMO A iniciativa "Todas as mulheres, todas as crianças da América Latina e Caribe" (EWEC-LAC, na sigla em inglês) foi criada em 2017 como um mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordena a implementação regional da Estratégia Mundial para a Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente 2016-2030 na América Latina e Caribe (ALC), incluindo sua adaptação a necessidades específicas da região, para acabar com as mortes evitáveis, garantir a saúde e o bem-estar e expandir ambientes propícios para a saúde e o bem-estar de mulheres, crianças e adolescentes. Para promover o alcance equitativo desses objetivos, os três grupos de trabalho da EWEC-LAC apoiam coletivamente os países da ALC com a medição e o monitoramento das desigualdades sociais de saúde, a promoção de sua redução, e o delineamento e a implementação de estratégias, políticas e intervenções voltadas para a equidade. Esse apoio para fechar as lacunas atuais assegura que ninguém seja deixado para trás. Os membros da iniciativa EWEC-LAC incluem UNFPA, OPAS, ONU Mulheres, UNAIDS, UNICEF, Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, USAID, Aliança Neonatal Regional para ALC e Grupo de Trabalho Regional para a Redução da Mortalidade Materna. Até o momento, a EWEC-LAC desenvolveu e compilou ferramentas e recursos inovadores e começou a colaborar com os países para utilizá-los a fim de reduzir as lacunas de equidade. Isso inclui uma estrutura de medição das desigualdades sociais de saúde, ferramentas de promoção de dados (como um painel de dados para visualizar tendências nas desigualdades sociais de saúde), uma metodologia para estabelecer metas para reduzir as desigualdades e um compêndio de ferramentas e métodos para identificar e abordar as desigualdades sociais de saúde. A EWEC-LAC trabalhou na região para enfatizar a importância de reconhecer essas desigualdades nos níveis social e político, e defendeu sua redução. A atenção para o fechamento das lacunas de equidade na saúde é cada vez mais crítica frente à pandemia de COVID-19, que exacerbou as vulnerabilidades existentes. Sistemas de saúde mais equitativos estarão mais bem preparados para lidar com futuras crises de saúde.

Trends in adolescent first births in five countries in Latin America and the Caribbean: disaggregated data from demographic and health surveys.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents in the Latin American and Caribbean region continue to experience poor reproductive health outcomes, including high rates of first birth before the age of 20 years. Aggregate national level data fails to identify groups where progress is particularly poor. This paper explores how trends in adolescent births have changed over time in five countries (Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Peru) using data disaggregated by adolescent age group, wealth and urban / rural residence. METHODS: The study draws on Demographic and Health Survey data from five countries where three surveys are available since 1990, with the most recent after 2006. It examines trends in adolescent births by wealth status and urban/rural residence. RESULTS: There has been little progress in reducing adolescent first births over the last two decades in these countries. Adolescent first births continue to be more common among the poorest and rural residents, and births among the youngest age-group (< 16 years) are particularly concentrated among these populations. CONCLUSION: Adolescent first births continue to be a major issue in these five countries, including amongst the youngest group (< 16 years), although the contexts in which it is occurring are changing over time. Efforts are needed to expand sexual education and services for adolescents and young people, as well as introduce and enforce legislation to provide effective protection from abuse or exploitation. Greater disaggregation of adolescent fertility data is needed if we are to measure progress towards the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals to "leave no-one behind".

Looking back and moving forward: can we accelerate progress on adolescent pregnancy in the Americas?

Adolescent fertility rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) remain unacceptably high, especially compared to the region's declining total fertility rates. The Region has experienced the slowest progress of all regions in the world, and shows major differences between countries and between subgroups in countries. In 2013, LAC was also noted as the only region with a rising trend in pregnancies in adolescents younger than 15 years. In response to the lack of progress in the LAC region, PAHO/WHO, UNFPA and UNICEF held a technical consultation with global, regional and country-level stakeholders to take stock of the situation and agree on strategic approaches and priority actions to accelerate progress. The meeting concluded that there is no single portrait of an adolescent mother in LAC and that context and determinants of adolescent pregnancy vary across and within countries. However, lack of knowledge about their sexual and reproductive health and rights, poor access to and inadequate use of contraceptives resulting from restrictive laws and policies, weak programs, social and cultural norms, limited education and income, sexual violence and abuse, and unequal gender relations were identified as key factors contributing to adolescent pregnancy in LAC. The meeting participants highlighted the following seven priority actions to accelerate progress: 1. Make adolescent pregnancy, its drivers and impact, and the most affected groups more visible with disaggregated data, qualitative reports, and stories. 2. Design interventions targeting the most vulnerable groups, ensuring the approaches are adapted to their realities and address their specific challenges. 3. Engage and empower youth to contribute to the design, implementation and monitoring of strategic interventions. 4. Abandon ineffective interventions and invest resources in applying proven ones. 5. Strengthen inter-sectoral collaboration to effectively address the drivers of adolescent pregnancy in LAC. 6. Move from boutique projects to large-scale and sustainable programs. 7. Create an enabling environment for gender equality and adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights.

The causes of maternal mortality in adolescents in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: While the main causes of maternal mortality in low and middle income countries are well understood, less is known about whether patterns for causes of maternal deaths among adolescents are the same as for older women. This study systematically reviews the literature on cause of maternal death in adolescence. Where possible we compare the main causes for adolescents with those for older women to ascertain differences and similarity in mortality patterns. METHODS: An initial search for papers and grey literature in English, Spanish and Portuguese was carried out using a number of electronic databases based on a pre-determined search strategy. The outcome of interest was the proportion of maternal deaths amongst adolescents by cause of death. A total of 15 papers met the inclusion criteria established in the study protocol. RESULTS: The main causes of maternal mortality in adolescents are similar to those of older women: hypertensive disorders, haemorrhage, abortion and sepsis. However some studies indicated country or regional differences in the relative magnitudes of specific causes of adolescent maternal mortality. When compared with causes of death for older women, hypertensive disorders were found to be a more important cause of mortality for adolescents in a number of studies in a range of settings. In terms of indirect causes of death, there are indications that malaria is a particularly important cause of adolescent maternal mortality in some countries. CONCLUSION: The main causes of maternal mortality in adolescents are broadly similar to those for older women, although the findings suggest some heterogeneity between countries and regions. However there is evidence that the relative importance of specific causes may differ for this younger age group compared to women over the age of 20 years. In particular hypertensive conditions make up a larger share of maternal deaths in adolescents than older women. Further, large scale studies are needed to investigate this question further.

Maternal mortality in adolescents compared with women of other ages: evidence from 144 countries.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents are often noted to have an increased risk of death during pregnancy or childbirth compared with older women, but the existing evidence is inconsistent and in many cases contradictory. We aimed to quantify the risk of maternal death in adolescents by estimating maternal mortality ratios for women aged 15-19 years by country, region, and worldwide, and to compare these ratios with those for women in other 5-year age groups. METHODS: We used data from 144 countries and territories (65 with vital registration data and 79 with nationally representative survey data) to calculate the proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of females of reproductive age (PMDF) for each 5-year age group from 15-19 to 45-49 years. We adjusted these estimates to take into account under-reporting of maternal deaths, and deaths during pregnancy from non-maternal causes. We then applied the adjusted PMDFs to the most reliable age-specific estimates of deaths and livebirths to derive age-specific maternal mortality ratios. FINDINGS: The aggregated data show a J-shaped curve for the age distribution of maternal mortality, with a slightly increased risk of mortality in adolescents compared with women aged 20-24 years (maternal mortality ratio 260 [uncertainty 100-410] vs 190 [120-260] maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths for all 144 countries combined), and the highest risk in women older than 30 years. Analysis for individual countries showed substantial heterogeneity; some showed a clear J-shaped curve, whereas in others adolescents had a slightly lower maternal mortality ratio than women in their early 20s. No obvious groupings were apparent in terms of economic development, demographic characteristics, or geographical region for countries with these different age patterns. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that the excess mortality risk to adolescent mothers might be less than previously believed, and in most countries the adolescent maternal mortality ratio is low compared with women older than 30 years. However, these findings should not divert focus away from efforts to reduce adolescent pregnancy, which are central to the promotion of women's educational, social, and economic development. FUNDING: WHO, UN Population Fund.

Effective health interventions for adolescents that could be integrated with human papillomavirus vaccination programs.

PURPOSE: We reviewed published data to identify health interventions for 9-15-year-old girls and boys that could to be usefully integrated with programs of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Relevant literature reviews, bibliographic databases, and journals were searched to identify health-related interventions, other than immunizations, that had been found to have beneficial outcomes among adolescent girls and/or boys. An intervention was excluded if there was no evidence of its effective delivery in LMICs or no demonstrated potential for its adaptation for delivery in such countries, and/or if there was, apparently, no feasible way in which it could be delivered during a course of HPV vaccinations. RESULTS: Overall, 33 different interventions were found to have had beneficial outcomes among adolescents living in LMICs. Of these, 19 were excluded because they were deemed too expensive or too difficult to deliver within the calendar of a HPV vaccination program. The remaining 14 health-related interventions, in the fields of screening (for schistosomiasis and defects in vision), health education (on mosquito-borne diseases, the benefits of exercise, accessing health care, and sexual and reproductive health), skills building (improving condom usage) and delivery of commodities (anthelminthic drugs, vitamin A supplements, soap and/or bed nets) were deemed potential candidates for delivery in conjunction with the HPV vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The potential benefits and selection of other health-related interventions that are delivered in conjunction with HPV vaccine will be influenced by a range of factors, including the ease of delivery, the epidemiology of the priority health problems affecting adolescents, the vaccine delivery schedule, and various environmental, economic, and social factors. However, there appear to be several interventions that could usefully be integrated in many, if not all, HPV vaccination programs. The ability to deliver multiple interventions along with HPV vaccine could not only offer important efficiencies but also serve as an entry point to increase adolescents' access to health care and services.

WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries.

Adolescent pregnancy and its consequences represent a major public health concern in many low-middle income countries of the world. The World Health Organization has recently developed evidence-based guidelines addressing six areas: preventing early marriage; preventing early pregnancy through sexuality education, increasing education opportunities and economic and social support programs; increasing the use of contraception; reducing coerced sex; preventing unsafe abortion; and increasing the use of prenatal care childbirth and postpartum care. In each of these areas, World Health Organization recommends directions for future research. The summary concludes with a brief look at global and regional initiatives that provide a window of opportunity for stepping up action in this important area.