Mitochondrial Stress Links Environmental Triggers with Pro-Inflammatory Signaling in Crohn's Disease.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic, inflammatory disorders of the gut. The incidence and activity of IBD are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Among these factors, polymorphisms in genes related to autophagy and the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been consistently associated with IBD. We show that NSAIDs induce mitochondrial stress and mitophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. In an altered mitophagy context simulating that observed in IBD patients, NSAID-induced mitochondrial stress leads to the release of mitochondrial components, which act as Danger Associated Molecular Patterns with pro-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, colonic organoids from Crohn's disease patients and healthy donors show activation of the mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPRmt) upon treatment with ibuprofen. Finally, colon biopsies from Crohn's disease patients in remission or with low-to-moderate activity also show expression of genes involved in UPRmt, while patients with severe activity show no increase compared to healthy donors. Our results suggest the involvement of mitochondria in the mechanisms triggering inflammation in IBD after NSAID use. Moreover, our results highlight the clinical relevance of mitochondrial stress and activation of the UPRmt pathway in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease.

Gaze Following as an Early Diagnostic Marker of Autism in a New Word Learning Task in Toddlers.

The aim was to test the use of eye-tracking methodology for the early detection of ASD in a task of association between unfamiliar objects and pseudowords. Significant differences were found between ASD (n = 57) and TD (n = 57) Spanish speaking toddlers in the number and time of fixation. The TD children showed more and longer fixations on eyes and mouth while the ASD children attended almost exclusively to objects, making it difficult to integrate lexical and phonological information. Moreover, the TD toddlers looked at the mouth when the pseudoword was produced while the ASD toddlers did not. Gaze fixation on eyes and mouth during word learning recorded by eye-tracking may be used as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of ASD.

Gaze Following and Pupil Dilation as Early Diagnostic Markers of Autism in Toddlers.

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show certain characteristics in visual attention. These may generate differences with non-autistic children in the integration of relevant social information to set the basis of communication. Reliable and objective measurement of these characteristics in a language learning context could contribute to a more accurate early diagnosis of ASD. Gaze following and pupil dilation are being studied as possible reliable measures of visual attention for the early detection of ASD. The eye-tracking methodology allows objective measurement of these biomarkers. The aim of this study is to determine whether measurements of gaze following and pupillary dilation in a linguistic interaction task are potential objective biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD. Method: A group of 20 children between 17 and 24 months of age, made up of 10 neurotypical children (NT) and 10 children with an increased likelihood of developing ASD were paired together according to chronological age. A human face on a monitor pronounced pseudowords associated with pseudo-objects. Gaze following and pupil dilation were registered during the task These measurements were captured using eye-tracking methodology. Results: Significant statistical differences were found in the time of gaze fixation on the human face and on the object, as well as in the number of gazes. Children with an increased possibility of developing ASD showed a slightly higher pupil dilation than NT children. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, their pupil dilation was uniform throughout the different periods of the task while NT participants showed greater dilation on hearing the pseudoword. Conclusions: The fixing and the duration of gaze, objectively measured by a Tobii eye-tracking system, could be considered as potential biomarkers for early detection of ASD. Additionally, pupil dilation measurement could reflect differential activation patterns during word processing in possible ASD toddlers and NT toddlers.

Pupillary Measures of the Cognitive Effort in Auditory Novel Word Processing and Short-Term Retention.

The use of the task-evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) methodology is emerging in the psycholinguistics literature, as a sensitive, reliable and dynamic psychophysiological measure of the cognitive effort produced by various aspects of language processing. This preliminary study aimed to assess the functionality and effectiveness of a TEPRs design for measuring the cognitive effort required for the processing and spontaneous (non-explicitly prompted) short-term retention of novel phonological forms presented auditorily. Twenty-four young adult participants (aged 19-28 years, M = 20.3, SD = 2.13) were auditorily presented with a series of pseudowords differing in their number of syllables and their syllabic complexity. Then, they were asked to produce a response to a delayed pseudoword-color matching task aimed to induce the short-term retention of the novel forms. Results on the size and timing of the TEPRs reveal a significant pupillary activation, starting immediately after the presentation of the auditory stimuli, peaking at 1080 ms and not subsiding significantly during the protracted retention period. Moreover, the differential complexity of the novel words phonology significantly affected pupillary activation. Overall, these preliminary results point to the effectiveness of pupillometry as a technique for capturing the cognitive effort entailed in the short-term maintenance of novel word forms in the phonological loop, a process deemed crucial in the everyday novel word learning process. Results are discussed in view of future research that could establish and extend their implications.

Epidemiología de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en Málaga: incidencia y seguimiento a la cohorte diagnosticada en 2007-2008 / Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Málaga: incidence rate and follow-up of a cohort diagnosed between 2007-2008

Introducción y objetivos: la incidencia de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) en España ha sido clásicamente inferior a la incidencia de los países del norte de Europa. Estudios epidemiológicos recientes muestran que la brecha está disminuyendo. Este estudio estima la incidencia de EII en Málaga, una ciudad en el sur de España, y relaciona dichas cifras con los datos de nuestro entorno. Material y métodos: este es un estudio prospectivo que fue diseñado para recoger los nuevos casos diagnosticados durante los años 2007-2008, y para realizar el seguimiento de estos pacientes. La incidencia se expresa como el número de pacientes por cada 100.000 habitantes por año. La distribución de la población del estudio colaborativo europeo se utilizó para normalizar la tasa de incidencia. Resultados: la incidencia bruta de la EII en Málaga es 9/105, la incidencia estandarizada es de 12,3/105 (9,7-15,6). Conclusiones: estos datos son similares a los de nuestro medio ambiente, aunque se observa una mayor incidencia para la enfermedad de Crohn (EC) que para la colitis ulcerosa (CU). Las características clínicas y evolución de nuestro paciente no presentan grandes diferencias con respecto a lo descrito en otras poblaciones (AU)

Background and objectives: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain has been traditionally lower than in Northern European countries. Recent epidemiological studies have found that these differences are diminishing. This study estimates the incidence of IBD in Málaga (Spain), a city in Southern Spain and relates its results to those found in our neighboring countries. Material and methods: This was a prospective study designed to collect new cases diagnosed during the period from 2007-2008 and follow up these patients. Incidence is expressed as number of patients per 100,000 population per year. The population distribution found in the European Collaborative Study was used to standardize incidence rates. Results: The gross incidence rate of IBD in Málaga is 9/105, the standardized incidence rate is 12.3/105 (9.7-15.6). Conclusions: These data are similar to those found in our surroundings, although a higher incidence rate for Crohn's disease (CD) as compared to ulcerative colitis (UC) was found. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of our patients do not differ significantly from those described for other populations (AU)

Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Málaga: incidence rate and follow-up of a cohort diagnosed between 2007-2008.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain has been traditionally lower than in Northern European countries. Recent epidemiological studies have found that these differences are diminishing. This study estimates the incidence of IBD in Málaga (Spain), a city in Southern Spain and relates its results to those found in our neighboring countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective study designed to collect new cases diagnosed during the period from 2007-2008 and follow up these patients. Incidence is expressed as number of patients per 100,000 population per year. The population distribution found in the European Collaborative Study was used to standardize incidence rates. RESULTS: The gross incidence rate of IBD in Málaga is 9/105, the standardized incidence rate is 12.3/105 (9.7-15.6). CONCLUSIONS: These data are similar to those found in our surroundings, although a higher incidence rate for Crohn's disease (CD) as compared to ulcerative colitis (UC) was found. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of our patients do not differ significantly from those described for other populations.

Prognosis of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in Sustained Remission After Thiopurines Withdrawal.

BACKGROUND: The ideal length of treatment with thiopurines in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in sustained remission remains unknown. It is widely accepted that the drug withdrawal is associated with a worse outcome. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome after this withdrawal and to identify predictors of relapse. METHODS: A multicenter and retrospective study was designed. A total of 102 patients with UC who discontinued thiopurines in a situation of sustained remission were included. All the patients were followed up until last revision or until relapse (understood as the occurrence of signs and symptoms of UC that required a rescue treatment). RESULTS: After thiopurines withdrawal, overall relapse was recorded in 32.35% of the patients: 18.88% in the first year, 36.48% in the third, and 43.04% in the fifth year after withdrawal. On multivariate analysis, predictors of relapse were the time from diagnosis of UC until the starting of thiopurines (hazard ratio [HR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.02; P = 0.039), the number of relapses before the withdrawal (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.01-1.66; P = 0.029), pancolitis (HR, 5.01; 95% CI, 1.95-26.43; P = 0.028), the duration of treatment with thiopurines (HR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.66; P = 0.013) and the situation of biological remission at withdrawal (HR, 0.004; 95% CI, 0.0001-0.14; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The withdrawal of thiopurines in patients with UC, although in sustained remission, is related to a high relapse rate. Clinical variables such as the extent of the disease, the duration of treatment or time from diagnosis to the start of thiopurines should be considered before stopping these drugs.