Changes in the distribution of intertidal macroalgae along a longitudinal gradient in the northern coast of Spain.

The distribution of macroalgal species along the north and northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula is in a period of change, during which mostly cold-temperate species have decreased in cover and others have disappeared. On the other hand, other species have increased in abundance. These shifts could be related with the modification of environmental factors that determine species distribution caused by climate change. A standardised sampling methodology was applied at 18 sites along the north coast of Spain in 2011 and 2017. The relationship between the coverage of intertidal macroalgal species and abiotic variables (sea surface temperature, air temperature and significant wave height) was analysed in order to detect possible changes in the historical data. Results suggest a modification in the communities in the inner part of the Bay of Biscay, mostly related to an increase in water and air temperature. Each seaweed group (warm-temperate, cold-temperate, opportunistic and exotic species) showed a different pattern of modification. Coralline algae, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Cystoseira baccata have increased, which may be related to the warming trend. The exotic species Asparagopsis armata has also increased, particularly in the Lower Rias. On the other hand, there was a drastic decrease of the cold-temperate species Himanthalia elongata. Data obtained support the relationship of macroalgae species communities and environment in the context of climate change in this particular area.

Robot milking and relationship with culling rate in dairy cows.

Cow routines and behavioral responses are altered substantially following the installation of robot milking. The present study was designed to analyze the effect that switching from milking parlor to automatic milking system (AMS) had on the culling rate (due to various causes) of dairy cattle. For this purpose, culling records and causes for culling were tracked in 23 dairy farms in the Galicia region (NW Spain). The animals in these farms were monitored for 5 years. For the present study, that length of time was divided into three different stages, as follows: 2 years before switching from a milking parlor to AMS (stage 1), the 1st year following the implementation of AMS (stage 2) and the 2nd and 3rd years succeeding the implementation of AMS (stage 3). Cox models for survival analysis were used to estimate the time to culling due to different reasons during stage 1 in relation to stages 2 and 3. The data indicated that the risk of loss due to death or emergency slaughter decreased significantly following the installation of AMS. In contrast, the risk of culling due to low production, udder problems, infertility or lameness increased significantly. Low-production cows (such as cows in advanced lactation due to infertility) or sick cows (such as mastitic or lame cows) allegedly have a noticeable effect both on the performance and the amortization of the cost of AMS, which in turn would lead to a higher probability of elimination than in conventional systems.

Ecological typologies of large areas. An application in the Mediterranean Sea.

One approach to identifying and mapping the state of marine biophysical conditions is the identification of large-scale ecological units for which conditions are similar and the strategies of management may also be similar. Because biological processes are difficult to directly record over large areas, abiotic characteristics are used as surrogate parameters. In this work, the Mediterranean Sea was classified into homogeneous spatial areas based on abiotic variables. Eight parameters were selected based on salinity, sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, sea-wave heights and depth variables. The parameters were gathered in grid points of 0.5° spatial resolution in the open sea and 0.125° in coastal areas. The typologies were obtained by data mining the eight parameters throughout the Mediterranean and combining two clustering techniques: self-organizing maps and the k-means algorithm. The result is a division of the Mediterranean Sea into seven typologies. For these typologies, the classification recognizes differences in temperature, salinity and radiation. In addition, it separates coastal from deep areas. The influence of river discharges and the entrance of water from other seas are also reflected. These results are consistent with the ecological requirements of the five studied seagrasses (Posidonia oceanica, Zostera marina, Zostera noltei, Cymodocea nodosa, Halophila stipulacea), supporting the suitability of the resulting classification and the proposed methodology. The approach thus provides a tool for the sustainable management of large marine areas and the ability to address not only present threats but also future conditions, such as climate change.

Dismenorrea por syndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wunderich syndrome / Dismenorrea por syndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wunderich Syndrome

El síndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wünderlich (HWW) constituye una rara anomalía congénita mülleriana caracterizada por la aso-ciación de útero didelfo, septum vaginal y agenesia renal homolateral. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 48 años de edadremitida por dismenorrea y que finalmente es diagnosticada de éste síndrome. Durante el examen físico se visualiza fondo de sacoen cara lateral izquierda de la vagina, lo que sería compatible con una vagina rudimentaria. La resonancia magnética confirmaeste hallazgo y muestra un útero didelfo bicollix así como agenesia renal izquierda. Debido a la edad de la paciente y a la ausenciade deseo genésico se realiza histerectomía total con doble anexectomía

Herlyn-Werner-Wünderlich syndrome (HWW) is a rare Mullerian congenital abnormality. This syndrome is characterized by the association between didelphis uterus, obstructive vaginal septum, and homolateral renal agenesis. We report the case of a 48-year old female who was diagnosed with this syndrome in the context of dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain. During physical examination, an orifice on the left lateral aspect of the vagina was visualized and it was compatible with a rudimentary vagina. Magnetic resonance confirmed this finding and showed a didelphis uterus and left renal agenesis. Due to the age of the patient and the absence of gestational desire, a total hysterectomy with double-annexectomy was performed

Study on some risk factors and effects of bovine ketosis on dairy cows from the Galicia region (Spain).

The study was designed to determine the relation between ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in milk from dairy cows after calving and the length of the previous lactation, the dry period and the 305-day normalized production, and to assess the influence of BHB concentrations on culling and test-day milk productions and somatic cell counts (SCC) throughout the lactation that followed the BHB measurement. The data used in the study were obtained from 59 187 cows in the Galicia region (Spain). BHB determination was performed using Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometry from the milk samples collected from each cow on the first post-partum test day. For statistical analysis, the following methods were applied: (i) ordinal regression to assess the effect of the length of the previous lactation, the dry period and the 305-day normalized milk production on milk BHB, (ii) a Cox model to estimate the influence of the BHB concentration on risk of culling (overall and for a variety of reasons) and (iii) linear regression to assess the link between BHB and the milk yield and SCC obtained from each of the tests day performed throughout lactation. The probability of having higher BHB concentrations increased when the length of the previous lactation (p = 0.006), the dry period (p = 0.003) and the 305-day normalized milk yield (p = 0.005) increased. However, the slight increase observed (especially for the case of the dry period and the 305-day milk yield) would not justify that measures be implemented to reduce these traits. Higher concentrations of BHB led to an increased risk of culling due to 'death' (p ≤ 0.001) and 'urgent slaughter' (p ≤ 0.002) (both causes of involuntary culling). It also led to a reduction in milk production (p < 0.001) and an increase in SCC (p < 0.001) in the post-partum; from that moment onward (including peak lactation), there were no differences in those two parameters depending on the BHB levels.

Síndrome de Bartter como causa de polihidramnios severo. A propósito de un caso / Bartter syndrome as a cause of severe polyhydramnios. Apropos of a case

El síndrome de Bartter es una rara enfermedad congénita que afecta a los túbulos renales. Se presenta el caso de una paciente que comenzó en la semana 32 con polihidramnios severo de aparición brusca, como única manifestación de esta enfermedad, diagnosticada posnatalmente

Bartter syndrome is a rare congenital disease that affects the renal tubules. We describe the case of a patient with abrupt onset of severe polyhydramnios at 32 weeks of gestation as the only clinic manifestation of this disease, which was diagnosed postnatally

Síndrome de Bartter como causa de polihidramnios severo. A propósito de un caso / Bartter syndrome as a cause of severe polyhydramnios. Apropos of a case

El síndrome de Bartter es una rara enfermedad congénita que afecta a los túbulos renales. Se presenta el caso de una paciente que debutó en la semana 32 con polihidramnios severo de aparición brusca, como única manifestación de esta enfermedad, diagnosticada posnatalmente

Bartter syndrome is a rare congenital disease that affects the renal tubules. We describe the case of a patient with onset of severe polyhydramnios at 32 weeks of gestation, as the only clinic manifestation of this disease, which was diagnosed postnatally

Bovine herpesvirus 1: within-herd seroprevalence and antibody levels in bulk-tank milk.

The aim of the present study was to establish a relationship between the results obtained with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for antibodies (against bovine herpesvirus 1) in serum and those in milk at the herd level. For this purpose, 275 samples of bulk-tank milk were analysed with glycoprotein E (gE) antibody ELISA and 207 more were analysed with glycoprotein B (gB) antibody ELISA (482 in total). All of these samples came from dairy herds whose seroprevalence was also evaluated. The results of this study were then used to analyse the sensitivity of the bulk-tankmilk test in detecting herds with a high risk of active infection (>60% seroprevalence) and its specificity in detecting those with few (<20%) or no seropositive animals. In regard to the reference test (results in blood serum), the sensitivity of the bulk-tankmilk test in detecting herds with >60% seropositive animals was 100% for both gE and gB ELISAs. The specificity figures, for gE and gB ELISAs, respectively, were 88.4% and 99.1% for infection-free herds and 72.6% and 96% for herds with <20% seroprevalence. In a quantitative approach, Pearson's correlation coefficients, reported as a measure of linear association between herd seroprevalences and transformed optical density values recorded in bulk-tank milk, were -0.63 for gE ELISA and 0.67 for gB ELISA.

Les auteurs présentent une étude visant à faire ressortir la corrélation entre les résultats obtenus à l'échelle du troupeau au moyen d'une épreuve immunoenzymatique (ELISA) pour la détection d'anticorps dirigés contre l'herpèsvirus bovin de type 1 dans des échantillons de sérum et ceux obtenus dans le lait. À cet effet, 275 échantillons de lait de citerne ont été soumis à un test ELISA visant à déceler la présence d'anticorps dirigés contre la glycoprotéine E (gE) du virus, et 207 autres ont été analysés au moyen d'un test ELISA visant à déceler la présence d'anticorps dirigés contre la glycoprotéine B (gB) (482 échantillons analysés au total). La totalité des échantillons provenait d'élevages laitiers dans lesquels la séroprévalence a également été evaluée. Les résultats de l'étude ont ensuite permis d'analyser la sensibilité du test sur le lait de citerne, c'est-àdire la capacité de ce test à détecter les troupeaux présentant un risque élevé d'infection active (séroprévalence > 60 %), ainsi que sa spécificité, c'est-à-dire sa capacité à détecter les troupeaux dans lesquels le pourcentage d'animaux séropositifs était faible (moins de 20 %) ou nul (0 %). Comparativement au test de référence (analyse des échantillons de sérum), la sensibilité des tests ELISA sur le lait de citerne était de 100 % (détection de tous les troupeaux dotés d'au moins 60 % d'animaux possédant des anticorps dirigés contre la glycoprotéine E ou B). En termes de spécificité des tests ELISA anti-gE et anti-gB, les valeurs étaient, respectivement, de 88,4 % et 99,1 % dans les troupeaux indemnes et de 72,6 % et 96 % dans les troupeaux accusant une séroprévalence inférieure à 20 %. Les coefficients de corrélation de Pearson obtenus par une méthode quantitative pour exprimer la relation linéaire entre les prévalences sérologiques et les valeurs de densité optique modifiées dans le lait de citerne étaient respectivement de ­0,63 pour l'ELISA gE et de 0,67 pour l'ELISA gB.

Los autores describen un estudio encaminado a determinar si existe una relación, y de ser así cuál, entre los resultados del ensayo inmunoenzimático (ELISA) de detección de anticuerpos (contra el herpesvirus bovino 1) en suero y los resultados obtenidos al analizar la leche de rebaños enteros. Para ello se sometieron 275 muestras de leche de tanque a la prueba ELISA de detección de anticuerpos contra la glicoproteína E (gE) y otras 207 muestras a la prueba ELISA de detección de anticuerpos contra la glicoproteína B (gB) (esto es, un total de 482 muestras). Todas esas muestras procedían de rebaños lecheros cuya prevalencia serológica también se calculó. A partir de los resultados del estudio se determinó la sensibilidad de la prueba practicada en la leche de tanque para detectar rebaños con un elevado riesgo de infección activa (más del 60% de animales seropositivos) y su especificidad para detectar aquellos rebaños con pocos (menos del 20%) animales seropositivos o ninguno (0%). En comparación con la prueba de referencia (resultados del análisis sérico), la sensibilidad del análisis de la leche de tanque para detectar rebaños con más de un 60% de animales seropositivos fue del 100% en el caso de ambas pruebas ELISA (gE y gB). En cuanto a la especificidad, las técnicas ELISA para la gE y la gB permitieron detectar respectivamente un 88,4% y un 99,1% de los rebaños libres de infección y un 72,6% y un 96% de los rebaños con menos de un 20% de animales seropositivos. El análisis cuantitativo de los resultados deparó coeficientes de correlación de Pearson, utilizados como medida de la relación lineal entre las seroprevalencias de rebaño y los valores transformados de densidad óptica obtenidos en la leche de tanque, de ­0,63 para el ELISA gE y de 0,67 para el ELISA gB.

Malformación adenomatoide quística pulmonar. Diagnóstico prenatal / Cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung. Prenatal diagnosis

La malformación adenoidea quística (MAQ) es una infrecuente alteración del desarrollo pulmonar, que puede ser diagnosticada por ecografía a lo largo de la gestación. Se presenta el caso de una MAQ aislada que se resolvió de manera espontánea intraútero

Cystic adenomatoid malformations (CAM) are relatively rare developmental abnormalities of the lung, which can be diagnosed by ultrasound during pregnancy. We report a case of CAM with no other associated abnormalities that resolved naturally in-utero

Monitoring the bulk milk antibody response to bovine viral diarrhea in dairy herds vaccinated with inactivated vaccines.

This study was designed to determine long-term responses in dairy herds after vaccination with 1 of 3 inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccines with regard to antibodies against p80 protein in bulk tank milk samples, as detected by ELISA. In the present study, 29 dairy herds were vaccinated with Bovilis BVD (MSD Animal Health, Milton Keynes, UK), 11 with Hiprabovis Balance (Laboratorios Hipra, Amer, Spain), and 9 with Pregsure BVD (Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ). In these herds, bulk tank milk samples were collected and examined at the time of the first vaccination and every 6 mo during a 3-yr period. Samples were analyzed with a commercial ELISA test for the p80 protein of BVDV. The results demonstrated that vaccination affected the level of antibodies against p80. Hence, vaccination status should be taken into consideration when interpreting bulk tank milk antibody tests.

Micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela del cáncer de mama. Revisión de literatura / Sentinel lymph node metatases in breast cancer. Review of literature

OBJETIVO. El resultado de micrometástasis y células tumorales aisladas como única expresión de extensión linfática de un cáncer de mama es algo relativamente frecuente. Actualmente se plantea la posibilidad de no realizar la linfadenectomía axilar tras el hallazgo histológico de una micrometástasis en la biopsia de ganglio centinela, por la baja frecuencia de afectación del resto de los ganglios axilares y el aumento significativo de morbilidad de dicha técnica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Se incluyen todas las pacientes sometidas a biopsia de ganglio centinela durante los años 2010 y 2011 en el Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid. En todos los casos de macro y micrometástasis se realizó una linfadenectomía posterior para valorar el grado de afectación axilar. RESULTADOS. En el año 2010 se intervinieron en el HURH de Valladolid 126 casos de cáncer de mama, de los cuales 77 (65%) fueron candidatas para la realización de la biopsia de ganglio centinela, obteniéndose 47 negativos, 16 positivos para macrometástasis, 9 micrometástasis, 3 células tumorales aisladas y en 2 casos no hubo migración del trazador. En el año 2011 se operaron 140 casos de cáncer de mama, de los cuales 102 casos (73%) sometidas a biopsia de ganglio centinela, obteniéndose 77 negativos, 13 positivos para macrometástasis, 7 micrometástasis, 2 células tumorales aisladas y en 3 casos no hubo migración del trazador lo que obligó a realizar la linfadenectomía clásica. Durante estos dos años se realizó linfadenectomía posterior en todos los casos de afectación del ganglio centinela con macro y micrometástasis y no se realizó con ganglios negativos y células tumorales aisladas. En el caso de las micrometástasis no se objetivó afectación de ningún otro ganglio linfático en la disección axilar. DISCUSIÓN. Según los datos de nuestra actividad quirúrgica, la disección axilar de las pacientes con afectación del ganglio centinela por micrometástasis podría evitarse (AU)

AIM. The result of micrometastases and isolated tumor cells as the only expression of lymphatic spread of breast cancer is relatively frequent. The possibility of avoiding complete axillary lymphadenectomy in those patients who are only affected by micrometastasis is proposed because of the low incidence of further involvement of the remaining lymph nodes and the significant increase in morbidity of the technique. MATERIAL AND METHOD. We included all patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy during the years 2010 and 2011 at Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega. Complete axillary lymphadenectomy was performed when micro or macrometastases were found in the sentinel node, in order to determine the degree of axillary involvement.RESULTS. In 2010 126 breast cancers were operated in the HURH from Valladolid. 77 (65%) have benefited from the use of axillary sentinel node biopsy, which 47 were negative, 16 were affected by macrometastasis a, 3 isolated tumor cells and 9 by micrometastasis. In 2 cases there was no migration. In 2011, 140 breast cancer were operated in our hospital, and 102 (73%) were able to performed sentinel node biopsy. 77 were negative, 13 positive, 2 with isolated tumor cells and 7 micrometastasis. In 3 cases there was no migration. Complete axillary lymphadenectomy was performed when micro o macrometastases were found in the sentinel node. There was no other axillary lymph node involved in patient with micrometastasis. DISCUSSION. It is possible to speculate that, in the future, axillary dissection can be avoided in those patients diagnosed of micrometastasis in the sentinel node (AU)

Rabdomioma intracardiaco fetal como causa de trasplante cardiaco en recién nacido: a propósito de un caso / Fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma as a cause of cardiac transplantation in a newborn: a case report

El rabdomioma es el tumor cardiaco más común en la vida fetal, muchas veces asociado a esclerosis tuberosa, y generalmente diagnosticado en el tercer trimestre de la gestación. Presentamos el caso de un rabdomioma cardiaco que ocupa la totalidad del ventrículo izquierdo del feto, como causa de trasplante cardiaco en la infancia (AU)

Rhabdomyoma is the most common cardiac tumor in fetuses. This entity is often associated with tuberous sclerosis and is usually diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy. We report a case of cardiac rhabdomyoma occupying the entire left ventricle of the fetus and leading to cardiac transplantation in infancy (AU)

Adenopatía axilar tumoral como manifestación de recidiva del cáncer de ovario / Axillary lymph node as manifestation of recurrent ovarian cancer

El cáncer de ovario es el tumor ginecológico que presenta mayor mortalidad. La vía de diseminación más frecuente de esta neoplasia es por vía intraperitoneal, aunque pueden aparecer metástasis a distancia por diseminación hematógena a otros órganos de la cavidad abdominal. La aparición de adenopatías axilares metastásicas de un carcinoma de ovario es un hallazgo muy infrecuente. Debe realizarse un diagnóstico diferencial con otro tipo de tumores, fundamentalmente el carcinoma mamario, ya que el tratamiento y el pronóstico resultan muy diferentes. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 60 años sometida a un tratamiento quirúrgico y quimioterápico por un adenocarcinoma seroso de alto grado (estadio IIIC de la FIGO). Tras 15 meses de la cirugía presenta una adenopatía axilar izquierda sospechosa que se somete a PAAF con diagnóstico de metástasis de carcinoma ovárico. Al mismo tiempo presenta nuevo episodio de carcinomatosis peritoneal (AU)

Ovarian cancer is the gynecological tumor with higher mortality. The way of spread of this tumor most often is intraperitoneal, although distant metastases may occur by hematogenous via to other organs in the abdominal cavity. The appearance of metastatic axillary lymph nodes from ovarian carcinoma is a very rare finding. You should have a differential diagnosis with other tumors, mainly breast carcinoma, since treatment and prognosis is very different. We report a 60 years patient under both surgical and chemotherapy treatment for high-grade serous adenocarcinoma (FIGO stage IIIC). After 15 months of the surgery has left axillary adenopathy suspicious subjected to FNA diagnosis of metastatic ovarian carcinoma. At the same time new episode of peritoneal carcinomatosis occurs (AU)

El sistema Essure® como método de esterilización femenina permanente / Essure as a method of permanent female sterilization

El sistema Essure® es un método de esterilización femenina permanente mínimamente invasivo, que elimina las posibles complicaciones de la esterilización realizada por laparoscopia. Este procedimiento se encuentra disponible en Europa y EE. UU. desde 2003. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de 226 pacientes a las que les fue colocado un Essure® (AU)

Essure hysteroscopic sterilization is a minimally invasive, outpatient approach to female sterilization, which avoids the possible complications of laparoscopic sterilization. This procedure has been available since 2003 in both Europe and USA. We present our experience of 226 patients with an Essure insert (AU)

The fabrication of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with semiconductors as the source and drain contact materials.

Sb(2)Te(3) and Bi(2)Te(2)Se semiconductor materials were used as the source and drain contact materials in the fabrication of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). Ultra-purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were ultrasonically dispersed in N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent. Dielectrophoresis was used to deposit and align SWCNTs for fabrication of CNTFETs. The Sb(2)Te(3)- and Bi(2)Te(2)Se-based CNTFETs demonstrate p-type metal-oxide-silicon-like I-V curves with high on/off drain-source current ratio at large drain-source voltages and good saturation of drain-source current with increasing drain-source voltage. The fabrication process developed is novel and has general meaning, and could be used for the fabrication of SWCNT-based integrated devices and systems with semiconductor contact materials.

e/3 Laughlin quasiparticle primary-filling nu=1/3 interferometer.

We report experimental realization of a quasiparticle interferometer where the entire system is in 1/3 primary fractional quantum Hall state. The interferometer consists of chiral edge channels coupled by quantum-coherent tunneling in two constrictions, thus enclosing an Aharonov-Bohm area. We observe magnetic flux and charge periods h/e and e/3, equivalent to the creation of one quasielectron in the island. Quantum theory predicts a 3h/e flux period for charge e/3, integer statistics particles. Thus, the observed periods demonstrate the anyonic braiding statistics of Laughlin quasiparticles.

Diagnóstico de rabdomioma fetal ecográfico / Ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal rhabdomyoma

El rabdomioma es una tumoración rara detectada, en la mayor parte de las ocasiones, por ecografía y representa aproximadamente un 1% del total de las anomalías cardíacas halladas intraútero. La evolución intrauterina y su repercusión hemodinámica dependen del crecimiento del tumor. Grandes masas pueden ser causa de obstrucciones y posteriormente de hidropesía y taquiarritmias. A estas complicaciones se añade su asociación a la esclerosis tuberosa, la cual ocupa un lugar importante en el consejo prenatal a los padres, ya que su herencia es autosómica dominante. La frecuencia de la asociación es del 50-70% en las distintas series (AU)

Rhabdomyoma is a rare tumor usually detected by ultrasonography. This neoplasm represents approximately 1% of all intrauterine cardiac abnormalities. Development inside the uterus and the hemodynamic repercussions of this entity depend on tumoral growth. Large masses can cause obstructions and subsequently hydrops and tachyarrhythmias. In addition to these complications, rhabdomyoma is associated with tuberous sclerosis, which occupies an importance place in prenatal counseling since inheritance is autosomal dominant. The frequency of this association is between 50% and 70% in distinct series (AU)

Aharonov-Bohm superperiod in a Laughlin quasiparticle interferometer.

We report an Aharonov-Bohm superperiod of five magnetic flux quanta (5h/e) observed in a Laughlin quasiparticle interferometer, where an edge channel of the 1/3 fractional quantum Hall fluid encircles an island of the 2/5 fluid. This result does not violate the gauge invariance argument of the Byers-Yang theorem because the magnetic flux, in addition to affecting the Aharonov-Bohm phase of the encircling 1/3 quasiparticles, creates the 2/5 quasiparticles in the island. The superperiod is accordingly understood as imposed by the anyonic statistical interaction of Laughlin quasiparticles.