Is melatonin as an ergogenic hormone a myth? a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Melatonin supplementation has been disclosed as an ergogenic substance. However, the effectiveness of melatonin supplementation in healthy subjects has not been systematically investigated. The present study analyzed the effects of melatonin supplementation on physical performance and recovery. In addition, it was investigated whether exercise bout or training alter melatonin secretion in athletes and exercise practitioners. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted and reported according to the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA statement. Based on the search and inclusion criteria, 21 studies were included in the systematic review, and 19 were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Melatonin supplementation did not affect aerobic performance relative to time trial (-0.04; 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.44) and relative to VO2 (0.00; 95% CI: -0.57 to 0.57). Also, melatonin supplementation did not affect strength performance (0.19; 95% CI: -0.28 to 0.65). Only Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) secretion increased after melatonin supplementation (1.40; 95% CI: 0.29 to 2.51). Post-exercise melatonin secretion was not changed immediately after an exercise session (0.56; 95% CI: -0.29 to 1.41) and 60 min after exercise (0.56; 95% CI: -0.29 to 1.41). CONCLUSION: The data indicate that melatonin is not an ergogenic hormone. In contrast, melatonin supplementation improves post-exercise recovery, even without altering its secretion.

Anthropometric profile at u-15 to professional on brazilian national team soccer players / Perfil antropométrico de jugadores sub-15 a profesionales de la selección brasileña de fútbol / Perfil antropométrico de jogadores sub-15 a profissionais da seleção brasileira de futebol

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although competitiveness rises progressively increases according to age groups, players must stand out in their playing position at all ages to win a spot on their National Teams. The differences among match physical and technical demands could also influence which anthropometrical aspects would be most importantly considered for National Team selection. Objectives: This study aimed describe and compare the anthropometric profile of soccer players from U15 to professional categories of the Brazilian National Soccer Team. Methods: The sample consisted of 673 players from the categories U15, U17, U20, U23 and PRO. Measurements of height, body mass, and sum of seven skinfolds from the Brazilian Football Confederation database between 2013 and 2021 were used to describe the players' anthropometric profile. Players were grouped according to categories, playing position, and those who were selected or not selected. Results: As expected, the results indicate that body mass increases with age and stabilizes from category U23 onwards. Body mass and the sum of seven skinfolds increase within the U15 category (U15.1 vs. U15.2), while height and body mass increase within the U17 category (U17.1 vs. U17.2). Defenders and fullbacks stabilize body mass and stature prior to U17, while midfielders, strikers, and goalkeepers stabilize body mass later, with midfielders and strikers at U20, and goalkeepers at U23. Goalkeepers and defenders were the players with the greatest height and body mass compared to the other positions in all categories. The selected and non-selected players in the different categories had similar anthropometric profiles. Conclusion: From the results, there is a diversity in anthropometric profile within the positions and a difference in maturation according to the players' positions. This study can be used by coaches, physical trainers and sport scientists as normative data about the anthropometric profile of Brazilian men's soccer teams, establishing a benchmark. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective and Comparative Study.

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque la competitividad aumenta progresivamente según los grupos de edad, los jugadores deben destacar en su posición de juego a todas las edades para ganarse un puesto en sus selecciones nacionales. Las diferencias entre las exigencias físicas y técnicas de los partidos también pueden influir en qué aspectos antropométricos serían más importantes para la selección nacional. Objetivos: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y comparar el perfil antropométrico de futbolistas masculinos de menores de 15 años a categorías mayores de las selecciones brasileñas de fútbol. Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 673 jugadores de las siguientes categorías: Sub 15 (U15), Sub 17 (U17), Sub 20 (U20), Sub 23 (U23) y Profesional (PRO). Se utilizaron medidas de estatura, masa corporal y la suma de 7 pliegues cutáneos de la base de datos de la Confederación Nacional de Fútbol de Brasil entre 2013 y 2021 para describir el perfil antropométrico de los jugadores. Los jugadores se agruparon según los tramos de edad oficiales, la posición de juego y los seleccionados y no seleccionados. Resultados: Como era de esperar, los resultados indican que la masa corporal aumenta con la edad y se estanca a partir de la categoría U23. La masa corporal y la suma de 7 pliegues cutáneos aumentan dentro de la categoría U15 (U15.1 vs. U15.2), mientras que la estatura y la masa corporal aumentan dentro de la U17 (U17.1 vs. U17.2). Los defensas centrales y los laterales estabilizan antes la masa corporal y la estatura a partir de la U17, mientras que los mediocampistas, delanteros y porteros estabilizan la masa corporal más tarde, con los mediocampistas y delanteros en la U20 y los porteros en la U23. Los porteros y defensas centrales fueron los grupos que mostraron mayor estatura y masa corporal respecto a otras posiciones en todos los tramos de edad. Los jugadores seleccionados y no seleccionados en diferentes tramos de edad tienen un perfil antropométrico similar. Conclusión: Con base en los resultados, existe diversidad en el perfil antropométrico dentro de las posiciones de juego y diferencia en la maduración según la posición de los jugadores. Este estudio puede ser utilizado por entrenadores, preparadores físicos y científicos del deporte como dato normativo sobre el perfil antropométrico de las selecciones masculinas de fútbol de Brasil, estableciendo un punto de referencia. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio Retrospectivo Comparativo.

RESUMO Introdução: Embora a competitividade aumente progressivamente de acordo com as faixas etárias os jogadores devem se destacar em sua posição de jogo em todas as idades para conquistar uma vaga em suas equipes nacionais. As diferenças entre as exigências físicas e técnicas dos jogos também podem influenciar quais aspectos antropométricos seriam mais importantes para a seleção da equipe nacional. Objetivo: Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever e comparar o perfil antropométrico de jogadores de futebol da categoria sub 15 ao profissional da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol. Métodos: A amostra consistiu de 673 jogadores das seguintes categorias: sub 15 (U15) sub 17 (U17) sub 20 (U20) sub 23 (U23) e profissional (PRO). Medidas da estatura massa corporal e soma das sete dobras cutâneas do banco de dados da Confederação Brasileira de Futebol entre 2013 e 2021 foram utilizadas para descrever o perfil antropométrico dos jogadores. Os jogadores foram agrupados de acordo com as categorias posição de jogo e aqueles que foram selecionados ou não selecionados. Resultados: Como esperado os resultados indicam que a massa corporal aumenta com a idade e estabiliza a partir da categoria U23. A massa corporal e a soma das sete dobras cutâneas aumentam dentro da categoria U15 (U15.1 vs. U15.2) enquanto a estatura e a massa corporal aumentam dentro da categoria U17 (U17.1 vs. U17.2). Os zagueiros e laterais estabilizam a massa corporal e a estatura antes do U17 enquanto os meio campistas atacantes e goleiros estabilizam a massa corporal posteriormente com os meio campistas e atacantes no U20 e goleiros no U23. Os goleiros e os zagueiros foram os jogadores que apresentaram maior estatura e massa corporal comparados às outras posições em todas as categorias. Os jogadores selecionados e não-selecionados nas diferentes categorias apresentam perfil antropométrico semelhante. Conclusão: Baseando-se nos resultados há uma diversidade no perfil antropométrico dentro das posições e uma diferença na maturação de acordo com as posições dos jogadores. Este estudo pode ser utilizado por treinadores preparadores físicos e cientistas do esporte como dados normativos sobre o perfil antropométrico das seleções masculinas do futebol brasileiro estabelecendo um benchmark. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Retrospectivo Comparativo.

Worldwide Prevalence of Polypharmacy: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: The present study has compiled the prevalence of polypharmacy worldwide and assessed the prevalence of polypharmacy in different populations, including community-dwelling individuals, hospitalized patients, and institutionalized patients. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted and reported according to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. A systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scielo, was performed in March 2021 without any date and language restrictions. Combinations of the following keywords were used for the search strategy: polypharmacy OR multiple medications OR multiple medicines OR multiple drug AND prevalence. Based on the search and inclusion criteria, two hundred and eight studies (73,076,167 individuals) were selected for inclusion in the systematic review. It was observed that there is a wide variation in the prevalence of polypharmacy between studies. RESULTS: The prevalence of polypharmacy was found to be 30.2%, 61.7%, and 56.9% for community-dwelling individuals, hospitalized patients, and institutionalized patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on the analyses, this systematic review has demonstrated a wide variation in the prevalence of polypharmacy between studies and countries and a high prevalence of polypharmacy in institutionalized and hospitalized patients.

Is physical performance affected by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to analyze the effects of ingesting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on physical performance, muscle strength, and muscle damage in three different moments: immediately, 24 and 48 h after resistance exercise practice. METHODS: Relevant studies were researched in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus) in April 2023. After excluding duplicates, the decision to include or exclude studies was made by two independent investigators in the following steps: (I) the study title; (II) the study abstract; and (III) the complete study manuscript. The following characteristics were recorded: (I) first author, (II) year of publication, (III) sample size, (IV) method of NSAIDs administration, (V) exercise protocol, and (VI) analyzed variable results. The studies selected were divided into trials that evaluated the effects of NSAIDs ingestion on performance indices of resistance exercise, endurance exercise and resistance training. RESULTS: The meta-analysis, based only on resistance exercises, revealed that both performance and muscle strength were similar between placebo or NSAID treatment immediately and 24 h after resistance exercise practice. An ergolytic effect was found 48 hours after resistance exercise (mean effect size (ES) = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.71, -0.12; p = 0.132), as well as reduced muscle strength (ES = -0.50; 95% CI: -0.83, -0.16; p = 0.072). Additionally, NSAID use did not prevent muscle waste as seen by the unchanged CK plasma concentration at all timetables. CONCLUSION: The data of the present meta-analysis indicate that NSAID use is ineffective in improving resistance performance and muscle strength, as well as exercise recovery. When considering the practical application of using NSAIDs to improve exercise capacity and strength gains, the present data supports that consumption of analgesic drugs as an endurance performance enhancer or as a muscle anabolic must not be recommended.

Prevalence of childhood obesity in Brazil: a systematic review.

The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence of childhood obesity in Brazil and compare it between boys and girls. This systematic review was conducted and reported according to the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA statement. A systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO, was performed in November 2021. Studies that met the following criteria were included: (i) original quantitative studies regardless of their design; (ii) childhood obesity was clearly defined; (iii) prevalence of childhood obesity was reported or it was possible to extract from tables or figures in the text; and (iv) eligible population included children under 12 years of age. A total of 112 articles were included in the systematic review. The prevalence of childhood obesity in Brazil was of 12.2%, being 10.8% in girls and 12.3% in boys. In addition, wide heterogeneity in the childhood obesity prevalence was observed between the states, since it was 2.6% in Pará, while it was 15.8% in Rondônia. Thus, the importance of urgently implementing measures to prevent and treat childhood obesity should be emphasized aiming to reduce obese children and adolescents and future health problems in adult life resulting from this cardiovascular risk factor.

Differences between 48 and 72-hour intervals on match load and subsequent recovery: a report from the Brazilian under-20 national football team.

Purpose: To compare the external and internal load and subsequent recovery of football players after international tournament matches separated by 48 h vs. 72 h. Methods: A total of 14 male football players from the Brazilian National Team, competing in the 2019 South American Under-20 Championship, participated in the study. Match load was quantified using GPS variables and perceived exertion ratings (1). Additionally, before and 13-15 h after each match, players answered questions about the number of hours and quality of sleep, recovery status, and muscle soreness (0-10) and provided a blood sample for creatine kinase and reactive C-protein analysis. Values of all variables were compared between matches played with 48-h intervals (matches 1-4) and 72-h intervals (matches 5-8). Results: No significant differences in performance or perceptual parameters were observed between matches (p = 0.136-0.953). However, CK was higher in matches 1-4 compared to matches 5 and 6; and ΔPCR was higher in matches 2 and 3 compared to matches 5 and 6, and in match 4 compared to matches 5 and 8. Conclusions: After matches with a 48-h rest interval, players showed increased markers of inflammation and muscle damage compared to matches with a 72-h rest interval.

Acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels, as well as its relationship with the susceptibility to develop upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA statement. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE was performed in July 2020. This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies in which participants performed acute exercise or chronic physical training and were subjected to analyses of URTI incidence and concentrations of IgA and IgG. The selected studies for systematic review were divided into the following three groups: (I) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in sedentary subjects, (II) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in athletes/trained individuals, and (III) trials that evaluated the effects of chronic physical training on the incidence of URTI, as well as on the levels of IgA and IgG. Acute exercise increases the IgA levels in trained subjects but does not affect its levels in untrained subjects. Such increase in IgA levels induced by acute exercise is greater in trained individual that performed ultramarathon. On the other hand, chronic physical training reduces IgA levels in both trained and untrained subjects, does not change IgA levels in non-military subjects, besides from not affecting IgG levels. The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that acute exercise positively influences IgA levels in trained individuals, being this effect pronounced when a strenuous exercise such as ultramarathon is executed. Chronic physical training, in turn, does not affect IgG levels.

Fatigue and Recovery Time Course After Female Soccer Matches: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the extent of fatigue responses after female soccer matches and the ensuing recovery time course of performance, physiological, and perceptual responses. METHODS: Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) were searched in October 2020 and updated in November 2021. Studies were included when participants were female soccer players, regardless of their ability level. Further, the intervention was an official soccer match with performance, physiological, or perceptual parameters collected pre- and post-match (immediately, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h-post). RESULTS: A total of 26 studies (n = 465 players) were included for meta-analysis. Most performance parameters showed some immediate post-match reduction (effect size [ES] = - 0.72 to - 1.80), apart from countermovement jump (CMJ; ES = - 0.04). Reduced CMJ performance occurred at 12 h (ES = - 0.38) and 24 h (ES = - 0.42) and sprint at 48 h post-match (ES = - 0.75). Inflammatory and immunological parameters responded acutely with moderate-to-large increases (ES = 0.58-2.75) immediately post-match. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase alterations persisted at 72 h post-match (ES = 3.79 and 7.46, respectively). Small-to-moderate effects were observed for increased cortisol (ES = 0.75) and reduced testosterone/cortisol ratio (ES = -0.47) immediately post-match, while negligible to small effects existed for testosterone (ES = 0.14) and estradiol (ES = 0.34). Large effects were observed for perceptual variables, with increased fatigue (ES = 1.79) and reduced vigor (ES = - 0.97) at 12 h post-match, while muscle soreness was increased immediately post (ES = 1.63) and at 24 h post-match (ES = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: Acute fatigue exists following female soccer matches, and the performance, physiological, and perceptual parameters showed distinctive recovery timelines. Importantly, physical performance was recovered at 72 h post-match, whereas muscle damage markers were still increased at this time point. These timelines should be considered when planning training and match schedules. However, some caution should be advised given the small number of studies available on this population. REGISTRATION: The protocol for this systematic review was pre-registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, Registration Number: CRD42021237857).

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial revascularization: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to analyze the effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on physical performance after myocardial revascularization. In addition, we compared the type and duration of exercise-based CR protocols to determine which ones produced the best performance improvements. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA statement. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and ProQuest, was performed in July 2020. Studies that met the following criteria were included: (i) participants submitted to myocardial revascularization (i.e., coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)), (ii) participants submitted to exercise-based CR, and (iii) participants submitted to protocols for assessing physical performance before and after the exercise-based CR. RESULTS: Thirteen and eleven studies evaluating the effects of exercise-based CR after myocardial revascularization were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Exercise-based CR increased physical performance after myocardial revascularization (mean effect size (ES) 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62, 0.88), particularly when aerobic (ES 0.85; 95% CI 0.68, 1.01) and combined training (ES 1.04; 95% CI 0.70, 1.38) lasting 8-12 weeks (ES 1.20; 95% CI 0.87, 1.53) was prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that exercise-based CR increases physical performance after myocardial revascularization. The prescription of physical training for these patients should emphasize aerobic and combined training lasting at least 8-12 weeks, which is more effective in improving physical performance. IMPACT: Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of physical training in improving physical performance after myocardial revascularization.

Sleep disorders and regular physical exercise in primary health care: an observational study / Distúrbios do sono e exercício físico regular na atenção primária à saúde: estudo observacional

Physical exercise is currently considered a non-pharmacological alternative to improve sleep quality, but due to the lack of knowledge of some professionals, it is not widely used for this purpose. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare sleep quality, the presence of sleep disorders and insomnia, and the quality of life in patients who practice regular physical exercise (PG) and those who did not practice regular physical exercise (NPG), attended in Basic Health Units (BHUs) in the municipality of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study was a cross-sectional observational study carried out with 49 patients recruited from BHUs in the city of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. They were divided into two groups constituted by those who practiced regular physical exercise (PG) and those who did not practice regular physical exercise (NPG), and then evaluated for sleep quality and the presence of sleep disorders, perception of insomnia, and quality of life addressed according to the respective questionnaires: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index and SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire. When comparing the groups, there was a statistically significant difference regarding the items good sleep quality, presence of severe insomnia, general health status, social aspects and mental health. Thus, it is suggested that patients who practiced regular physical exercise attended in BHUs have a higher prevalence of good sleep quality, lower rate of severe in-somnia and better quality of life

O exercício físico é considerado atualmente como alternativa não farmacológica para melhora da qualidade do sono, porém pela falta de conhecimento de alguns profissionais o mesmo não é muito utilizado para essa finalidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a qualidade do sono, a presença de distúrbios do sono e insônia, e a qualidade de vida em pacientes praticantes de exercício físico regular (PEFR) e não praticantes de exercício físico regular (NPEFR), assistidos em UBS ́s do município de Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. O estudo foi do tipo observacional transversal, realizado com 49 pacientes recrutados a partir de Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS ́s) do município de Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. Foram divididos em dois grupos, os PEFR e NPEFR, e em seguida avaliados quanto a qualidade e presença de distúrbios do sono, percepção da insônia, e qualidade de vida, abordados de acordo com os respectivos questionários: Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP), Índice de Gravidade de Insônia e Questionário de Qualidade de Vida SF-36. Quando comparado os grupos, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto aos itens boa qualidade do sono, presença de insônia severa, qualidade de vida sob os domínios estado geral de saúde, aspectos sociais e saúde mental. Desta forma, sugere-se que os pacientes que praticam exercício físico regular assistidos em UBS's apresentam maior prevalência de boa qualidade do sono, menor índice de insônia severa e melhor qualidade de vida

Effects of Increased Central Cholinergic Activity on the Metabolic Challenge Induced by Submaximal Exercise in Rats: Adrenomedullary Secretion Influences.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of adrenomedullary secretion on the plasma glucose, lactate, and free fatty acids (FFAs) during running exercise in rats submitted to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of physostigmine (PHY). PHY i.c.v. was used to activate the central cholinergic system. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into sham-saline (sham-SAL), sham-PHY, adrenal medullectomy-SAL, and ADM-PHY groups. The plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, and FFAs were determined immediately before and after i.c.v. injection of 20 µL of SAL or PHY at rest and during running exercise on a treadmill. RESULTS: The i.c.v. injection of PHY at rest increased plasma glucose in the sham group, but not in the ADM group. An increase in plasma glucose, lactate, and FFAs mobilization from adipose tissue was observed during physical exercise in the sham-SAL group; however, the increase in plasma glucose was greater with i.c.v. PHY. Moreover, the hyperglycemia induced by exercise and PHY in the ADM group were blunted by ADM, whereas FFA mobilization was unaffected. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that there is a dual metabolic control by which activation of the central cholinergic pathway increases plasma glucose but not FFA during rest and exercise, and that this hyperglycemic response is dependent on adrenomedullary secretion.

Efetividade do treinamento físico sobre o desempenho físico em pacientes com dermatomiosite e polimiosite: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Eficacia del entrenamiento físico sobre el rendimiento físico en pacientes con dermatomiositis y polimiositis: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Effectiveness of physical training on physical performance in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis: systematic review and meta-analysis

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto do treinamento físico sobre o desempenho físico em pacientes com dermatomiosite e polimiosite. Para tanto, uma revisão sistemática e metanálise foi conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes do PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed/MEDLINE e Web of Science, utilizando combinações das seguintes palavras-chave em inglês: dermatomyositis OR polymyositis OR myositis AND exercise OR physical exercise OR physical therapy OR aerobic exercise OR endurance exercise OR resistance exercise. Foram incluídos estudos que atenderam aos seguintes critérios: (1) os participantes apresentavam diagnóstico de dermatomiosite ou polimiosite; (2) os pacientes foram submetidos a um protocolo de treinamento físico; (3) o desempenho físico foi mensurado antes e após o protocolo de treinamento físico. Um total de 14 artigos foram selecionados para inclusão na revisão sistemática e 10 artigos foram selecionados para inclusão na metanálise. Os resultados demonstram que o treinamento físico é eficaz em aumentar o desempenho físico global nos pacientes com dermatomiosite e polimiosite (tamanho do efeito: 0,72; IC 95% 0,55; 0,89). Além disso, foi demonstrado também que tanto as variáveis de desempenho aeróbio (tamanho do efeito: 0,88; IC 95% 0,54; 1,21), quanto as variáveis de desempenho resistido (tamanho do efeito: 0,64; IC 95% 0,43; 0,85) são beneficiadas com o treinamento físico nesses pacientes. Conclui-se que o treinamento físico apresentou um efeito benéfico significativo sobre o desempenho físico global, aeróbio e resistido em pacientes com dermatomiosite e polimiosite.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto del entrenamiento físico sobre el rendimiento físico en pacientes con dermatomiositis y polimiositis. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis siguiendo las guías PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Se hizo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed/MEDLINE y Web of Science, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave combinadas en inglés: dermatomyositis OR polymyositis OR myositis AND exercise OR physical exercise OR physical therapy OR aerobic exercise OR endurance exercise OR resistance exercise. Se incluyeron los estudios que cumplieron los siguientes criterios: (1) los participantes tenían un diagnóstico de dermatomiositis o polimiositis; (2) los pacientes se sometieron a un protocolo de entrenamiento físico; y (3) el rendimiento físico se midió antes y después del protocolo de entrenamiento físico. Al total se seleccionaron 14 artículos para incluir en la revisión sistemática y 10 artículos en el metaanálisis. Los resultados demuestran que el entrenamiento físico es eficaz para aumentar el rendimiento físico general en pacientes con dermatomiositis y polimiositis (tamaño del efecto: 0,72; IC 95% 0,55; 0,89). Además, tanto las variables de rendimiento aeróbico (tamaño del efecto: 0,88; IC 95% 0,54; 1,21) como las variables de rendimiento de resistencia (tamaño del efecto: 0,64; IC 95% 0,43; 0,85) mejoraron con la actividad física en estos pacientes. Se concluye que el entrenamiento físico tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el rendimiento físico global, aeróbico y de resistencia en pacientes con dermatomiositis y polimiositis.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the impact of physical training on physical performance in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the guidelines of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science, using combinations of the following keywords in English: dermatomyositis OR polymyositis OR myositis AND exercise OR physical exercise OR physical therapy OR aerobic exercise OR endurance exercise OR resistance exercise. Studies that met the following criteria were included: (1) participants diagnosed with dermatomyositis or polymyositis; (2) patients that undergone a physical training protocol; (3) physical performance measured before and after the physical training protocol. A total of 14 articles were selected for inclusion in the systematic review and 10 articles were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The outcomes demonstrate that physical training is effective in increasing overall physical performance in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis (effect size: 0.72; 95% CI 0.55; 0.89). Also, our study demonstrated that both the aerobic performance (effect size: 0.88; 95% CI 0.54; 1.21) and resistance performance variables (effect size: 0.64; CI 95% 0.43; 0.85) benefit from physical training in these patients. We concluded that physical training had a significant beneficial effect on the overall, aerobic and resistance physical performance in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis.

Impaired thermoregulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats during physical exercise is related to reduced hypothalamic neuronal activation.

This study aimed to evaluate the physical exercise-induced neuronal activation in brain nuclei controlling thermoregulatory responses in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Sixteen-week-old male normotensive Wistar rats (NWRs) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were implanted with an abdominal temperature sensor. After recovery, the animals were subjected to a constant-speed treadmill running (at 60% of the maximum aerobic speed) for 30 min at 25 °C. Core (Tcore) and tail-skin (Tskin) temperatures were measured every minute during exercise. Ninety minutes after the exercise, the rats were euthanized, and their brains were collected to determine the c-Fos protein expression in the following areas that modulate thermoregulatory responses: medial preoptic area (mPOA), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and supraoptic nucleus (SON). During treadmill running, the SHR group exhibited a greater increase in Tcore and an augmented threshold for cutaneous heat loss relative to the NWR group. In addition, the SHRs showed reduced neuronal activation in the mPOA (< 49.7%) and PVN (< 44.2%), but not in the SON. The lower exercise-induced activation in the mPOA and PVN in hypertensive rats was strongly related to the delayed onset of cutaneous heat loss. We conclude that the enhanced exercise-induced hyperthermia in hypertensive rats can be partially explained by a delayed cutaneous heat loss, which is, in turn, associated with reduced activation of brain areas modulating thermoregulatory responses.

Thermoregulation in Hypertensive Rats during Exercise: Effects of Physical Training / Termorregulação durante o Exercício em Ratos Hipertensos: Efeitos do Treinamento Físico

Abstract Background: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show deficit in thermal balance during physical exercise. Objective: To assess the effects of low-intensity physical exercise training on thermal balance of hypertensive rats undergoing an acute exercise protocol. Methods: Sixteen-week-old male Wistar rats and SHR were allocated into four groups: control Wistar rats (C-WIS), trained Wistar (T-WIS), control SHR (C-SHR) and trained SHR (T-SHR). Treadmill exercise training was performed for 12 weeks. Blood pressure, resting heart rate and total exercise time was measured before and after the physical exercise program. After the exercise program, a temperature sensor was implanted in the abdominal cavity, and the animals subjected to an acute exercise protocol, during which internal body temperature, tail skin temperature and oxygen consumption until fatigue were continuously recorded. Mechanical efficiency (ME), work, heat dissipation threshold and sensitivity were calculated. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: Physical training and hypertension had no effect on thermal balance during physical exercise. Compared with C-WIS, the T-WIS group showed higher heat production, which was counterbalanced by higher heat dissipation. Hypertensive rats showed lower ME than normotensive rats, which was not reversed by the physical training. Conclusion: Low-intensity physical training did not affect thermal balance in SHR subjected to acute exercise.

Resumo Fundamento: Ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) apresentam déficits no balanço térmico durante o exercício físico. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico de baixa intensidade sobre o balanço térmico de ratos hipertensos submetidos a um protocolo de exercício físico agudo. Métodos: Ratos machos Wistar e SHR, com 16 semanas de idade, foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: Wistar controle (WIS-C), Wistar treinado (WIS-T), SHR controle (SHR-C) e SHR treinado (SHR-T). O treinamento físico em esteira rolante foi realizado durante 12 semanas. A pressão arterial, a frequência cardíaca de repouso e o tempo de exercício foram medidos previamente e após o programa de treinamento físico. Após o programa de treinamento físico, um sensor de temperatura foi implantado na região intraperitoneal e os ratos foram submetidos a um protocolo de exercício físico agudo com registros contínuos da temperatura corporal interna, temperatura da pele da cauda e do consumo de oxigênio até a fadiga. A eficiência mecânica (EM), o trabalho, o limiar e a sensibilidade para dissipação de calor foram calculados. Para as análises estatísticas o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: O treinamento físico e a hipertensão arterial não alteraram o balanço térmico durante o exercício físico. O grupo WIS-T quando comparado ao WIS-C, apresentou maior produção de calor, que foi contrabalanceado por uma maior dissipação de calor. Os animais hipertensos apresentaram menor EM em comparação aos animais normotensos, e o treinamento físico não foi capaz de reverter esta alteração. Conclusão: O treinamento físico de baixa intensidade não provocou alterações no balanço térmico de ratos hipertensos submetidos a um protocolo de exercício físico agudo.

Thermoregulation in Hypertensive Rats during Exercise: Effects of Physical Training.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show deficit in thermal balance during physical exercise. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of low-intensity physical exercise training on thermal balance of hypertensive rats undergoing an acute exercise protocol. METHODS: Sixteen-week-old male Wistar rats and SHR were allocated into four groups: control Wistar rats (C-WIS), trained Wistar (T-WIS), control SHR (C-SHR) and trained SHR (T-SHR). Treadmill exercise training was performed for 12 weeks. Blood pressure, resting heart rate and total exercise time was measured before and after the physical exercise program. After the exercise program, a temperature sensor was implanted in the abdominal cavity, and the animals subjected to an acute exercise protocol, during which internal body temperature, tail skin temperature and oxygen consumption until fatigue were continuously recorded. Mechanical efficiency (ME), work, heat dissipation threshold and sensitivity were calculated. Statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Physical training and hypertension had no effect on thermal balance during physical exercise. Compared with C-WIS, the T-WIS group showed higher heat production, which was counterbalanced by higher heat dissipation. Hypertensive rats showed lower ME than normotensive rats, which was not reversed by the physical training. CONCLUSION: Low-intensity physical training did not affect thermal balance in SHR subjected to acute exercise.

Brain Temperature in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats during Physical Exercise in Temperate and Warm Environments.

This study aimed to evaluate brain temperature (Tbrain) changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) subjected to two different physical exercise protocols in temperate or warm environments. We also investigated whether hypertension affects the kinetics of exercise-induced increases in Tbrain relative to the kinetics of abdominal temperature (Tabd) increases. Male 16-week-old normotensive Wistar rats (NWRs) and SHRs were implanted with an abdominal temperature sensor and a guide cannula in the frontal cortex to enable the insertion of a thermistor to measure Tbrain. Next, the animals were subjected to incremental-speed (initial speed of 10 m/min; speed was increased by 1 m/min every 3 min) or constant-speed (60% of the maximum speed) treadmill running until they were fatigued in a temperate (25°C) or warm (32°C) environment. Tbrain, Tabd and tail skin temperature were measured every min throughout the exercise trials. During incremental and constant exercise at 25°C and 32°C, the SHR group exhibited greater increases in Tbrain and Tabd relative to the NWR group. Irrespective of the environment, the heat loss threshold was attained at higher temperatures (either Tbrain or Tabd) in the SHRs. Moreover, the brain-abdominal temperature differential was lower at 32°C in the SHRs than in the NWRs during treadmill running. Overall, we conclude that SHRs exhibit enhanced brain hyperthermia during exercise and that hypertension influences the kinetics of the Tbrain relative to the Tabd increases, particularly during exercise in a warm environment.

Exergames como alternativa para o aumento do dispêndio energético: uma revisão sistemática / Exergames as an alternative to increased energy expenditure: a systematic review

Objetivou-se, com esta revisão sistemática, analisar o gasto energético (GE), a frequência cardíaca (FC) e o nível de atividade física durante a prática de exergames, comparando-os ao repouso, as atividades sedentárias e às atividades físicas, além de verificar se a parte do corpo envolvida nos exergames interferia nestes parâmetros. Objetivou-se, ainda analisar o nível de atividade física e a composição corporal, após um período de prática regular de exergames. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, no PubMed e Science Direct, limitada a artigos publicados na língua inglesa (2006 a 2011), utilizando-se combinação dos seguintes termos e descritores: vídeo game, exergames, computer game, physical activity, exercise, energy expenditure, exertainment. Os artigos selecionados para análise envolveram: amostra com idade entre 6 e 18 anos; mensuração do GE, FC e nível de atividade física durante a prática de exergames; e,ou, análise da composição corporal ou aptidão cardiorrespiratória, após um período de prática regular de exergames. Os estudos selecionados foram divididos em dois grupos: a) estudos transversais das respostas de GE, FC e nível de atividade física; e b) estudos de intervenção. A qualidade dos estudos de intervenção foi avaliadas pela escala de PEDro e incluídos os artigos com pontuação superior a 6. Em comparação às atividade físicas sedentárias, a maioria dos estudos demonstrou aumento do GE, FC, nível de atividade física e melhora na composição corporal. Conclui-se que os exergames podem ser uma boa opção para o aumento do GE e nível de atividade física de crianças e adolescentes, desde que sejam associados a outros tipos de atividade física.

This systematic review was performed aiming to analyze the energy expenditure (EE), the heart rate (HR) and the level of physical activity during exergames practice compared to rest, the sedentary activities and the physical activities, and verify whether the body region involved in exergames interfered or not in these parameters. Moreover, it aimed to evaluate the level of physical activity and body composition after a period of regular practice of exergames. For this, we sought for the English-language articles in PubMed and Science Direct databases, published between 2006 and 2011, having the following keywords combination: video game, exergames, computer game, physical activity, exercise, energy expenditure, exertainment. The selected articles had: samples with ages between 6 and 18 years; energy expenditure, heart rate and physical activity level measures during exergames; and/or body composition analyses or cardiorespiratory fitness after a period of regular practice of exergames. The selected studies were divided into two groups: a) cross-sectional studies of the EE, HR and level of physical activity responses, and b) intervention studies. The quality of the selected articles were evaluated by the PEDro scale being included articles with at least 6 points. Most studies showed an increased EE, HR, level of physical activity and improvement in body composition compared to the sedentary activities. It can be concluded that exergames can be an option to increase the daily levels of EE and physical activity level, however, it should be associated with other physical activities.