RESUMO
In this study, it was aimed to examine the capacity of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different contents to extract bioactive compounds from tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) plant. For this reason, the total phenolic-flavonoid content, total proanthocyanidin content and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of the prepared DES extracts were investigated, as well as the individual phenolic and individual amino acid profiles. According to the results, DES10 had the highest efficiency in terms of its capacity to extract individual phenolics (approximately 59â mg/100â g) and individual amino acids (approximately 2500â mg/kg), and also gave a higher yield compared to ethanol (approximately 44â mg/100â g for individual phenolics and about 19810â mg/kg for individual amino acids) and methanol (approximately 58â mg/100â g for individual phenolics and approximately 21430â mg/kg for individual amino acids). However, the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity values of DES extracts were determined between 59.09-77.50â mg GAE/100â g, 28.68-45.55â mg GAE/100â g and 42.96-146.86â mg TE/100â g, respectively. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these green solvents, which are known as environmentally friendly, as an alternative to organic solvents in the process of preparing extracts of this important medicinal plant in different areas.
Assuntos
Artemisia , Extratos Vegetais , Extratos Vegetais/química , Solventes Eutéticos Profundos , Artemisia/química , Solventes , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Fenóis/química , Flavonoides , AminoácidosRESUMO
Proline constitutes approximately 85 % of the amino acid composition of honey. Therefore, the quantitative determination of this amino acid in honey samples is used by many national/international authorities to evaluate the quality of honey types. In this study, it was aimed to achieve maximum proline amino acid extraction from honey samples whose botanical origins were confirmed by melissopalynological analysis. For this reason, based on three different spectrophotometric methods used in the literature for proline analysis, proline extraction was optimized with the Response Surface Method (RSM) and Box-Behnken experimental design. Three independent variables were determined as treatment time (2, 6, and 10â min), treatment temperature (22, 46, and 70 °C), and cooling time (5, 25, and 45â min). As a result of the optimization, it was seen that only significantly effective independent variable on the proline content of honey was the processing temperature. The optimum conditions obtained as a result of the RSM were found to be 2â min for the treatment time, 70 °C for the treatment temperature and 45â min for the cooling time. The composite desirability of the optimum conditions (R2 ) was found to be 1.00. It was determined that the method proposed by International Honey Commission (IHC) is efficient for proline analysis, but it provides more proline extraction by reducing of time from 10â min to 2â min in hold time in boiling water bath only during the extraction step. As a result, the conditions to be used in order to achieve maximum proline extraction with different spectrophotometric methods were determined and optimum values were determined. In addition, since the botanical origin of honey samples significantly affects the proline content of honey, it can be suggested that this study be optimized for different monofloral honey samples as well.