Immunogenicity and Protective Capacity of CpG ODN Adjuvanted Alum Adsorbed Bivalent Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine.

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is caused by Neisseria meningitidis, with the main serogroups responsible for the disease being A, B, C, W, X, and Y. To date, several vaccines targeting N.meningitidis have been developed albeit with a short-lived protection. Given that MenW and MenB are the most common causes of IMD in Europe, Turkey, and Middle East, we aimed to develop an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) based bivalent vaccine as the heterologous antigen source. Herein, we compared the immunogenicity, and breadth of serum bactericidal assays (SBA) based protective coverage of OMV vaccine to X serotype with existing commercial meningococcal conjugate and polysaccharide (PS) vaccines in a murine model. BALB/c mice were immunized with preclinical batches of the W+B OMV vaccine, either adjuvanted with Alum, CpG ODN or their combinations and compared with a MenACYW conjugate vaccine (NimenrixTM, Pfizer) and a MenB OMV-based vaccine (Bexsero®, GSK), The immune responses were assessed through ELISA and SBA. Antibody responses and SBA titers were significantly higher in the W+B OMV vaccine when adjuvanted with Alum or CpG ODN, as compared to the control groups. Moreover, the SBA titers were not only significantly higher than those achieved with available conjugated ACYW vaccines but also on par with the 4CMenB vaccines. In conclusion, the W+B OMV vaccine demonstrated the capacity to elicit robust antibody responses, surpassing or matching the levels induced by licensed meningococcal vaccines. Consequently, the W+B OMV vaccine could potentially serve as a viable alternative or supplement to existing meningococcal vaccines.

The effect of exosomes released from apheresis platelet concentrates under the impact of gamma irradiation and storage time upon platelet aggregation and hemostasis.

BACKGROUND: Blood components should be gamma-irradiated (γ-IR) in order to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of γ-IR and storage time on the exosomes released from apheresis platelet concentrates (aPC) and to investigate their impact on the maximum platelet aggregation (MPA) and hemostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight units of aPC were included in this study. These were divided into four equal portions. Two portions were irradiated before storage while the other two were not. Thus, irradiated and non-irradiated aPC samples for storage Days 0 (D0) and 5 (D5) were obtained. Exosomes were isolated from these samples using a commercial kit and were evaluated to ascertain their parent cells by flow cytometry. For the following steps, exosomes were pooled according to their features. Pooled exosomes were then used for aggregometry and thromboelastography. RESULTS: Platelet-derived exosome (PD-EX) levels decreased in D5 compared to D0 in NI-aPC, whereas granulocyte-derived exosome (GD-EX) levels increased. Exosome pools had no effect on MPA compared to saline groups. Exosome pools decreased the time to initial fibrin formation (R), whereas they increased the rate of clot formation (α-angle) and coagulation index (CI) compared to saline groups. DISCUSSION: Storage time and γ-IR each have almost the opposite effects on PD-EX and GD-EX. Exosomes have no impact on MPA, but enhance the clot strength. The impact of exosomes on aPC quality and effectiveness can be ignored or considered as a positive effect.

A suppressive oligodeoxynucleotide expressing TTAGGG motifs modulates cellular energetics through the mTOR signaling pathway.

Immune-mediated inflammation must be down-regulated to facilitate tissue remodeling during homeostatic restoration of an inflammatory response. Uncontrolled or over-exuberant immune activation can cause autoimmune diseases, as well as tissue destruction. A151, the archetypal example of a chemically synthesized suppressive oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) based on repetitive telomere-derived TTAGGG sequences, was shown to successfully down-regulate a variety of immune responses. However, the degree, duration and breadth of A151-induced transcriptome alterations remain elusive. Here, we performed a comprehensive microarray analysis in combination with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) using murine splenocytes to investigate the underlying mechanism of A151-dependent immune suppression. Our results revealed that A151 significantly down-regulates critical mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activators (Pi3kcd, Pdpk1 and Rheb), elements downstream of mTOR signaling (Rps6ka1, Myc, Stat3 and Slc2a1), an important component of the mTORC2 protein complex (Rictor) and Mtor itself. The effects of A151 on mTOR signaling were dose- and time-dependent. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that A151 is able to reverse mTOR phosphorylation comparably to the well-known mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Furthermore, Seahorse metabolic assays showed an A151 ODN-induced decrease in both oxygen consumption and glycolysis implying that a metabolically inert state in macrophages could be triggered by A151 treatment. Overall, our findings suggested novel insights into the mechanism by which the immune system is metabolically modulated by A151 ODN.