The effects of carbogen and hyperbaric oxygen treatment on fracture healing in rats.

BACKGROUND: Bone fractures and fracture healing are one of the most common problems among orthopedic surgeons. In this study, we investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and carbogen (C) treatment on fracture healing in the experimental animal model. METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups as Group 1 (C inhalation therapy), Group 2 (HBO inhalation therapy), and Group 3 (control group), with eight rats in each group. HBO and C treatment were given to the rats in Group 1 and Group 2 1 week before the surgical procedure and 3 weeks after the surgical procedure. Following the surgical procedure, all rats were killed at the end of the 3rd week and the healing tissue in the fracture line was evaluated clinically, radiologically, and histopathologically. RESULTS: Although there were higher histopathological, radiological, and clinical scores in the HBO and C groups in terms of frac-ture healing compared to the control group, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: There are many studies in the literature that examine the systemic and local effects of HBO and C treatments and show that they increase tissue oxygenation. Our study showed that HBO and C groups had no beneficial or harmful effects on fracture healing compared to the control group.

The immunohistochemical and histologic effects of contrast medium on uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, given during hysterosalpingography: rat study

Objective: Previous studies have shown that damage occurs to internal genital tract during hysterosalpingography (HSG). The aim was to show that endometrial and tubal epithelium underwent free radical damage during HSG in an animal model. Material and Methods: Forty rats were evaluated in five different groups. Two groups received ionizing radiation (15-20 miliRad three times) only. Two further groups received ionizing radiation in combination with iohexol (1-2 mL). The remaining group served as control. Groups were evaluated after seven and forty-two days. Inflammation and cellular changes were evaluated histopathologically. Cellular activity of antioxidant enzymes was assessed immunohistochemically. Results: Inflammation, and cellular changes were detected at certain rates in all groups (p<0.001). Glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase activities were found to be increased after the HSG (p<0.001). Conclusion: It is obvious that the cell suffers acute and chronic damage during HSG due to both radioactivity and chemicals. Although there is a lot of research done before, there is no definitive method yet to protect against the harmful effects of iodinated contrast agents and ionizing radiation. So, new methods need to be explored to protect cells and tissues from reactive oxygen radical damage caused by HSG.

Comparison of Number of Passes and Cytopathological Specimen Adequacy for Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy in the Absence of an On-Site Pathologist.

AIM: Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a reliable, minimally invasive diagnostic method with high sensitivity and specificity in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Our aim in this retrospective study was to determine if there was a difference in the adequacy ratio based on the number of needle passes in the thyroid FNABs in the absence of rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) by the pathologist and to determine the optimal needle pass number for FNAB. METHODS: Between November 2018 and February 2019, thyroid FNABs of 121 (99 female, 22 male) patients were evaluated retrospectively. Samples for each biopsy were numbered according to the order of retrieval, and 4 pairs of slides were prepared by the radiologist without on-site microscopic evaluation. Cytological results were determined according to the Bethesda classification. RESULTS: The rate of adequacy in the first, second, third, and fourth passes were 76.0, 82.6, 77.7, and 71.2%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between these four groups in terms of adequacy (p = 0.21). The adequacy rates of the 1st, 1st+2nd, 1st+2nd+3rd, and cumulative evaluation of all four biopsies were 76.0, 87.6, 90.1, and 91.7%, respectively (p = 0.001). A statistically significant difference was found in the comparison of the 1st biopsy and the cumulative 1st+2nd biopsy in terms of adequacy rates (p = 0.019). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the cumulative 1st+2nd biopsy and the cumulative 1st+2nd+3rd biopsy in terms of adequacy rates (p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS: In cases where ROSE cannot be performed, we recommend a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 3 needle entries for FNAB adequacy with the right technique and preparation.

Protective effects of resveratrol on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenolic compound having antioxidant effects. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of resveratrol against oxidative stress in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. STZ was injected intraperitonally (i.p.) to 18 Sprague-Dawley albino rats, which were divided into three groups, each having six rats. First group was non-treated diabetic group (D), second diabetic group was subjected to 30 min of hepatic ischemia followed by a 45-min reperfusion period (D + I/R), and third diabetic group was subjected to 30 min of hepatic ischemia followed by a 45-min reperfusion period and treated with 20 mg/kg/day oral RSV before 30 min I/R injury (D + I/R + RSV). At the end of the experimental period, animals were decapitated, and blood samples were collected to determine tissue tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. Liver and lung tissue samples were obtained for the evaluation of biochemical parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and histopathological examinations. Compared to control, I/R injury resulted in decreases in GSH levels and increases in MDA levels. Tissue TNF-α levels were also increased in the D + I/R group compared to D group. Treatment with RSV prevented the alterations on biochemical parameters and histopathological changes induced by I/R. We demonstrate that in diabetic rats, hepatic I/R injury is associated with an augmented inflammatory response and oxidative stress, while RSV pre-treatment significantly decreased these responses. Larger clinical studies are desirable to determine the exact role(s) of RSV on hepatic I/R injury among diabetic subjects.

Histopathological Analysis of 173 Consecutive Patients with Colorectal Carcinoma: A Pathologist's View.

BACKGROUND Worldwide, colorectal carcinomas are the third most common carcinomas in men and the second most common carcinomas in women. Pathological examination of rectum specimens requires special attention for correctly evaluating many prognostically important factors. In this study, we present pathological results of 173 lower anterior resection (LAR) and abdominoperineal resection (APR) specimens retrospectively evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 173 LAR and APR specimens in this study. Patients were evaluated in the Istanbul Ekin Private Pathology Laboratory and underwent surgery at Çanakkale State Hospital, General Surgery Clinic. RESULTS Of the 173 specimens, 15 (8.7%) were APR and 158 (91.3%) were LAR specimens. Ninety-four patients (54.3%) were males and 79 patients (45.7%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 63.5 years (range 26-90 years). In the histopathological examination, malignant neoplasm was detected in 172 of the cases (99.4%) and benign endometriosis was detected in 1 of the cases (0.6%). There were 151 (87.2%), 8 (4.6%), 5 (2.9%), 1 (0.6%), 1 (0.6%), 1 (0.6%), 1 (0.6%), 1 (0.6%), and 4 (2.3%) patients with adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, intramucosal adenocarcinoma in the setting of a high-grade tubulovillous adenoma, synchronous colon/prostate adenocarcinoma, malignant melanoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, endometriosis, and adenocarcinoma diagnosed by the examination of colonoscopic biopsy specimens that showed complete regression with neoadjuvant therapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS When evaluating specimens from patients with colorectal carcinoma, pathological evaluation, which is one of the most fundamental pillars in managing patients with cancer, must be performed carefully and meticulously. Each pathological parameter should be evaluated carefully and clinicians and pathologists should evaluate these cases together.