Idade como fator prognóstico no câncer de mama em estádio inicial / Edad como factor pronóstico en el cáncer de mama en fase inicial / Age as a prognostic factor in early breast cancer

OBJETIVO: Analisar a idade como fator prognóstico no câncer de mama em estádio clínico inicial. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo que analisou as características clínicas e a sobrevida livre de doença de 280 pacientes entre 25 e 81 anos com câncer de mama estágio clínico I e II com acompanhamento em hospital de Porto Alegre (RS), de 1995 a 2000. Dados clínicos, patológicos, tratamento e desfechos foram extraídos dos prontuários das pacientes. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos conforme a idade ao diagnóstico (<40 anos e >40 anos). Os dois grupos foram comparados quanto ao estágio clínico, histologia, expressão de receptores hormonais, terapia e radioterapia utilizando o teste qui-quadrado e/ou exato de Fisher e para análise de sobrevida, o teste de long-rank e método de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Do total de 280 mulheres estudadas, 54 (19,3 por cento) tinham até 40 anos de idade. Ambos os grupos de pacientes eram similares em estágio clínico, histologia e expressão de receptores hormonais. A proporção de pacientes com sobrevida livre de doença em seguimento de 56 meses foi significativamente maior nas pacientes acima de 40 anos (84 por cento versus 70 por cento). Proporcionalmente, as pacientes mais jovens receberam mais terapia adjuvante (88,8 por cento versus 77,8 por cento). Houve diferença significativa na probabilidade das mulheres acima de 40 anos de permanecerem livre de doença (84 por cento), sendo mais evidente quando comparadas às pacientes com < 40 anos em estágio clínico I. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados confirmam que mulheres de até 40 anos com câncer de mama inicial apresentam um pior prognóstico. Entretanto, tal prognóstico parece não estar relacionado a maior número de casos com receptores hormonais negativos. Pacientes jovens que permaneceram livre de doença receberam mais terapia adjuvante, sugerindo efeito positivo da quimioterapia e hormonioterapia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze age as a prognostic factor in early breast cancer. METHODS: Retrospective study analyzing the clinical profile and disease-free survival in a group of 280 subjects aged 25 to 81 years with stage I and II breast cancer followed-up in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, from 1995 to 2000. Clinical, pathological, treatment and outcome data were obtained from medical records. Subjects were divided into two groups according to age at diagnosis (<40 years and >40 years). The two groups were compared for clinical stage, histology, hormone receptor expression, therapy and radiotherapy using the chi-square and/or Fisher's exact test and for analysis of survival the Kaplan-Meier method with a long-rank test. RESULTS: Of 280 women studied, 54 (19.3 percent) were younger than 40 years. Both groups were similar regarding clinical stage, histology, and hormone receptor expression. The proportion of subjects with disease-free survival in the 56-month follow-up was significantly higher in those over 40 years (84 percent versus 70 percent). Proportionally, younger subjects received more adjuvant therapy (88.8 percent vs. 77.8 percent). Those women over 40 years were significantly more likely to remain disease-free (84 percent), and this difference was more remarkable when they were compared to those over 40 years at stage I breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings confirm that women younger than 40 years with early breast cancer have a poorer prognosis. However, this prognosis does not seem to be related to increased number of hormone receptor-negative cases. Younger patients who remained disease-free received more adjuvant therapy, suggesting a positive effect of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la edad como factor pronóstico en el cáncer de mama en fase clínico inicial. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo que analizó las características clínicas y la sobrevida libre de enfermedad de 280 pacientes entre 25 y 81 años con cáncer de mama fase clínica I y II con acompañamiento en hospital de Porto Alegre (Sur de Brasil), de 1995 a 2000. Datos clínicos, patológicos, tratamiento y resultados fueron extraídos de los prontuarios de las pacientes. Las pacientes fueron divididas en dos grupos conforme la edad al diagnóstico (<40 anos y >40 anos). Los dos grupos fueron comparados con relación a la fase clínica, histología, expresión de receptores hormonales, terapia y radioterapia utilizando la prueba chi-cuadrado y/o exacto de Fisher y para análisis de sobrevida, la prueba de long-rank y método de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Del total de 280 mujeres estudiadas, 54 (19,3 por ciento) tenían hasta 40 años de edad. Ambos grupos de pacientes eran similares en fase clínica, histología y expresión de receptores hormonales. La proporción de pacientes con sobrevida libre de enfermedad en seguimiento de 56 meses fue significativamente mayor en las pacientes mayores de 40 años (84 por ciento vs. 70 por ciento). Proporcionalmente, las pacientes más jóvenes recibieron más terapia adyuvante (88,8 por ciento vs. 77,8 por ciento). Hubo diferencia significativa en la probabilidad de las mujeres mayores de 40 años de permanecer libre de enfermedad (84 por ciento), siendo más evidente cuando se compararon con las pacientes con < 40 años en fase clínica I. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados confirman que mujeres de hasta 40 años con cáncer de mama inicial presentan un peor pronóstico. Sin embargo, tal pronóstico parece no estar relacionado con el mayor número de casos con receptores hormonales negativos. Pacientes jóvenes que permanecieron libres de enfermedad recibieron más terapia adyuvante, sugiriendo efecto positivo de la quimioterapia y hormonaterapia.

[Age as a prognostic factor in early breast cancer]. / Idade como fator prognóstico no câncer de mama em estádio inicial.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze age as a prognostic factor in early breast cancer. METHODS: Retrospective study analyzing the clinical profile and disease-free survival in a group of 280 subjects aged 25 to 81 years with stage I and II breast cancer followed-up in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, from 1995 to 2000. Clinical, pathological, treatment and outcome data were obtained from medical records. Subjects were divided into two groups according to age at diagnosis (< or = 40 years and > 40 years). The two groups were compared for clinical stage, histology, hormone receptor expression, therapy and radiotherapy using the chi-square and/or Fisher's exact test and for analysis of survival the Kaplan-Meier method with a long-rank test. RESULTS: Of 280 women studied, 54 (19.3%) were younger than 40 years. Both groups were similar regarding clinical stage, histology, and hormone receptor expression. The proportion of subjects with disease-free survival in the 56-month follow-up was significantly higher in those over 40 years (84% versus 70%). Proportionally, younger subjects received more adjuvant therapy (88.8% vs. 77.8%). Those women over 40 years were significantly more likely to remain disease-free (84%), and this difference was more remarkable when they were compared to those over 40 years at stage I breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings confirm that women younger than 40 years with early breast cancer have a poorer prognosis. However, this prognosis does not seem to be related to increased number of hormone receptor-negative cases. Younger patients who remained disease-free received more adjuvant therapy, suggesting a positive effect of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy.

Phase II trial of cisplatin plus decitabine, a new DNA hypomethylating agent, in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

On the basis of the demonstrated single-agent activity of cisplatin in patients with advanced cervical cancer and the observation of in vitro synergism between this agent and decitabine, a new DNA hypomethylating agent, we designed a phase II trial in which the combined use of the two agents are used as first-line therapy in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic disease. Eligible patients were those with histopathologically proven diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, which was not considered suitable for curative surgery and/or irradiation, having measurable disease, leukocyte counts more than or equal to 4,000/microl, thrombocyte counts more than or equal to 100,000/microl, serum creatinine more than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl, and normal liver function tests. Initial dose of cisplatin was 40 mg/m(2), whereas decitabine was 50 mg/m(2) for 3 consecutive days every 21 days. Because of toxicity, the dose of cisplatin was reduced to 30 mg/m(2). Twenty-five patients were included in the study; 24 of them were eligible for the evaluation of toxicity, whereas 21 of them were eligible for the evaluation of tumor responses. Nineteen (79.2%) patients had received prior radiotherapy. A total of 75 cycles of chemotherapy were administered to the patients, with a median of 3 cycles (range: 1-8) per patient. The most frequently observed side effect was neutropenia, which was National Cancer Institute- Common Toxicity Criteria grades III and IV in 68.0% of cases. One patient died of complications caused by drug-related neutropenic sepsis. The most common nonhematologic grades III and IV toxicities were nausea and vomiting, which occurred in 17.3% and 9.3% of the cycles, respectively. Of a total of 21 patients evaluable for tumor response, 8 (38.1%) achieved a partial response, whereas stable disease was documented in 5 cases (23.8%). Median progression-free interval (PFI) was 16 weeks, and median survival was 19 weeks (95% CI 7.9-31.2). Objective responses were more frequent in patients with metastatic lesions in nonirradiated sites. Cisplatin- decitabine combination was moderately active in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, mainly in patients presenting with metastatic disease at previously nonirradiated sites. However, this regimen produced significant hematologic toxicity. Further studies with this combination including a larger patient population, preferably with the concomitant administration of hematopoietic growth factors, are warranted.