RESUMO
Rules are needed for human research in commercial spaceflight.
Assuntos
Experimentação Humana , Sujeitos da Pesquisa , Voo Espacial , Humanos , Voo Espacial/ética , Experimentação Humana/ética , Experimentação Humana/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
In this article, using a quantitative approach, we analyze interpersonal, inmate-on-inmate physical violence in Chilean prisons, using administrative records on collective violence, provided by the Prison Service for the period 2014 to 2017. Violence behind bars is problematic as it threatens inmates' fundamental rights such as personal safety but also because it undermines efforts to maintain an environment prone to inmates' social reintegration. Our data showed a sharp increase in the number of collective fights, from 808 in 2014 to more than 4,000 in 2017. In terms of the predictors, being in a private prisons as well as a greater ratio of inmates to guards were associated with increased collective fights for each of the 4 years we examined. Two additional predictors were statistically significant, yet only for 2017: A higher average criminal involvement score and a smaller ratio between inmates/staff were both associated with increased violence. Despite the fact that prison violence has not yet reached the scale or level of brutality that can be seen in other parts of the region (i.e., Brazil), there are signs of concern that authorities should take into account, particularly the rapid increase in collective fights in just a 4-year period and the recent social turmoil that has taken place in Chile, whose impact cannot be seen yet from these data. In terms of recommendations, we suggest that authorities should prioritize efforts in four areas: (a) to gather better data on prison violence, including some reliable data on importation variables (age, criminal history, and nationality); (b) to provide prison guards with tools to anticipate and mediate conflicts; (c) to revise and possibly modify the way prisoners are transferred to different facilities, and (d) in sum, to promote prison environments that can be more legitimate and supportive to inmates' reintegration.
Assuntos
Prisioneiros , Prisões , Brasil , Chile , Humanos , ViolênciaRESUMO
Resumen La participación es un derecho humano que debe ser garantizado. No obstante, variadas restricciones físicas y sociales dificultan el involucramiento de las personas con condiciones neurológicas en su comunidad. Muchos países de Latinoamérica no cuentan con instrumentos validados que permitan analizar la participación de estos grupos. Por esta razón, a través de un diseño instrumental esta investigación evalúa las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de hábitos de vida (LIFE-H) en una muestra de 123 personas con parálisis cerebral entre 9 y 21 años (M = 14.14; DE=2.89). Se detectaron adecuados índices de consistencia interna. No se replicó la estructura de dos dimensiones mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio. Sin embargo, el análisis factorial exploratorio de los datos evidenció un factor general que explicó el 69.55 % de la varianza. Se concluye que el LIFE-H es un instrumento idóneo para el estudio de la participación como un constructo global en esta población.
Abstract Participation is a human right that must be guaranteed. However, various physical and social restrictions make it difficult for people with neurological conditions to participate in their community. Many Latin American countries do not have validated instruments to analyze the participation of these groups. The present investigation used an instrumental design to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Life Habits Assessment Questionnaire (LIFE-H) in a sample of 123 people with cerebral palsy between 9 and 21 years old (M = 14.14; DE=2.89). Adequate internal consistency indices were detected. The two-dimensional structure proposed by the authors was not replicated through confirmatory factor analysis. However, the exploratory factor analysis of the data evidenced a general factor that explained 69.55 % of the variance. It is concluded that LIFE-H is an ideal instrument for the study of participation as a global construct in this population.
