Polineuropatía sensitiva desmielinizante asociada a anticuerpos anti-Yo y cáncer papilar de tiroides / Sensitive demyelinating neuropathy associated with anti-Yo antibodies and papillary thyroid cancer

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Epilepsia y lactancia materna: del mito a la realidad / Epilepsy and breastfeeding: from myth to reality

Introducción. En la práctica clínica es habitual encontrar el caso de una mujer epiléptica en tratamiento con fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) a la que deberemos asesorar sobre la compatibilidad de esos FAE con la lactancia materna. Objetivo. Para realizar un asesoramiento correcto deberemos estar bien informados sobre las características farmacocinéticas de los diferentes FAE, así como estar al tanto de la experiencia clínica al respecto. La intención de esta revisión nace de la escasez de información a este respecto. Desarrollo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda que la lactancia materna debe ser la norma en todas las mujeres, incluso en las madres epilépticas que toman FAE, a las cuales debe prestarse siempre especial atención para vigilar la aparición de efectos adversos en el lactante, eludiendo siempre el destete brusco para evitar el síndrome de abstinencia. Conclusiones. Son muy pocos los FAE incompatibles con la lactancia materna. La decisión de amamantar debe tener en cuenta no sólo el FAE, sino su número, la dosis, los niveles séricos, los porcentajes de transmisión y eliminación en el lactante, y las condiciones del neonato. La etosuximida y el felbamato presentan un riesgo probablemente alto y son incompatibles con la lactancia materna. La lamotrigina, el fenobarbital, la pregabalina, la primidona, la tiagabina, la eslicarbacepina, el brivaracetam, el perampanel, la zonisamida, la lacosamida o el uso puntual y en bajas dosis de benzodiacepinas se consideran bastante seguros, con riesgo bajo para la lactancia. El resto de FAE presenta muy bajo riesgo para la lactancia materna

Introduction. In clinical practice, it is common to find cases of epileptic women being treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) whom we have to advise on the compatibility of these AEDs with breastfeeding. Aims. In order to offer correct guidance, we must be well informed about the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the different AEDs, in addition to being aware of the clinical experience in this regard. This review stems from the paucity of information on this topic. Development. The World Health Organisation recommends that breastfeeding should be the norm for all women, even in epileptic mothers that are taking AEDs, who must always be given special attention in order to watch for the appearance of adverse effects in the infant, and always avoiding sudden weaning in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions. Very few AEDs are incompatible with breastfeeding. The decision to breastfeed should take into account not only the AED, but also its number, dose, serum levels, transmission and elimination rates in the infant, and the conditions of the newborn infant. Ethosuximide and felbamate are probably high risk and incompatible with breastfeeding. Lamotrigine, phenobarbital, pregabalin, primidone, tiagabine, eslicarbazepine, brivaracetam, perampanel, zonisamide, lacosamide or the sporadic use of benzodiazepines in low doses are considered quite safe, with a low risk for breastfeeding. The other AEDs present a very low risk for breastfeeding

Miastenia grave y tratamiento con inmunoglobulinas por vía intravenosa. Réplica / Myasthenia gravis and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins. Reply

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Meningitis aséptica como complicación del tratamiento con inmunoglobulinas en la miastenia grave / Aseptic meningitis as a complication of immunoglobulin treatment in myasthenia gravis

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Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with Negative Angiography Managed in a Stroke Unit: Clinical and Prognostic Characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (p-SAH) is linked to a benign prognosis compared with aneurysmal SAH. However, the outcome in nonperimesencephalic angiographically negative SAH (np-SAH) is not well established. We reviewed our experience and evaluated the clinical and prognostic differences between patients with p-SAH and np-SAH. METHODS: Retrospective observational study based on data collected prospectively from all patients admitted to our hospital with SAH during the past 11 years. After selecting patients with normal angiography, we categorized them as either p-SAH or np-SAH according to the Rinkel criteria. Demographic, clinical, radiologic, and prognostic features were recorded. RESULTS: We collected a total of 41 (12.53%) angiographically negative SAH: 17 p-SAH (41.46%) and 24 np-SAH (58%-53%). The np-SAH group included the 6 patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) less than 15 (P = .083), and all 5 patients with Hunt & Hess (H&H) scores more than II (P = .045), being the GCS = 15 and H&H less than II in the rest of np-SAH and in all of the p-SAH patients. The average hospital stay in days was longer in the np-SAH group (24 ± 7.08) than in the p-SAH group (17 ± 5.11; P = .55). Hydrocephalus requiring external ventricular drainage (EVD) was only recorded in the np-SAH group (29.16%, P = .029). On discharge, all patients had H&H grade less than II and modified Rankin Scale measured 3 months later was less than 2 in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results agree with other studies showing a low complication rate for SAH patients with a normal angiography, especially in the p-SAH group. The prognosis appears to be less favorable in terms of a more frequent need for EVD, so a more cautious approach is recommended in this subgroup.

Neurosarcoidosis en el área sanitaria de Pontevedra-Salnés / Neurosarcoidosis in the Pontevedra-Salnés health district

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[Rapid progressive dementia with criteria for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a case of cerebral intravascular lymphoma]. / Demencia rápidamente progresiva con criterios de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob: un caso de linfoma intravascular cerebral.

TITLE: Demencia rapidamente progresiva con criterios de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob: un caso de linfoma intravascular cerebral.

Demencia rápidamente progresiva con criterios de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob: un caso de linfoma intravascular cerebral / Rapidly progressive dementia resembling Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a case of cerebral intravascular lymphomatosis

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[CLIPPERS syndrome with atypical distribution of lesions in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain]. / Sindrome CLIPPERS con distribucion atipica de las lesiones en la resonancia magnetica cerebral.

INTRODUCTION: CLIPPERS syndrome (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids) is an inflammatory process of the central nervous system whose distinguishing features are the enhancing punctiform lesions in the brainstem that appear in the magnetic resonance images. Clinically, it is accompanied by dysarthria, ataxia and diplopia, and usually responds to treatment with corticoids. Pathologically, T lymphocytes appear infiltrated in the perivascular spaces of the brainstem. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 40-year-old woman with an initial subacute clinical picture of binocular diplopia, ataxia and dysarthria. The magnetic resonance brain scan revealed T2 hyperintense punctiform lesions in the stem, cerebellum, diencephalons and cortico-subcortical areas of both hemispheres, which were enhanced with contrast. An aetiological study was performed to rule out any underlying infectious, neoplastic or inflammatory origin, the results being negative. The patient was treated on two occasions with methylprednisolone, with a gradual lowering of the dosage, the response being favourable. CONCLUSIONS: Diplopia and ataxia, as in our case, are practically always present. The MR findings consist of punctiform enhancing lesions located in the pons extending towards the cerebellum, basal ganglia and corpus callosum, the enhancement gradient becoming lower as the distance increases rostrally away from the cortex, and caudally towards the spinal cord. In the case of our patient, this gradient is not respected, and the density found was similar to that of lesions at the supratentorial level. The differential diagnosis is wide-ranging and justifies an extensive diagnostic study with, in certain cases, a biopsy study of brain tissue. The disease courses in a relapsing-remitting pattern and the earlier steroid therapy is established and the more prolonged it is, the better the prognosis will be.

TITLE: Sindrome CLIPPERS con distribucion atipica de las lesiones en la resonancia magnetica cerebral.Introduccion. El sindrome CLIPPERS (chronic lymphocytic in?ammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids) es un proceso inflamatorio del sistema nervioso central cuyo rasgo distintivo son las lesiones puntiformes en el troncoencefalo captantes en los estudios de resonancia magnetica. Clinicamente, cursa con disartria, ataxia y diplopia, y suele responder a corticoides. Anatomopatologicamente, aparecen infiltrados de linfocitos T en los espacios perivasculares troncoencefalicos. Caso clinico. Mujer de 40 años con cuadro de instauracion subaguda de diplopia binocular, ataxia y disartria. En la resonancia magnetica cerebral presento lesiones puntiformes hipertintensas en secuencia T2 en el tronco, cerebelo, diencefalo y areas cortico-subcorticales bihemisfericas, que realzaron con contraste. Se realizo un estudio etiologico para descartar un origen infeccioso, neoplasico o inflamatorio subyacente, que resulto negativo. La paciente recibio tratamiento en dos ocasiones con metilprednisolona, con descenso progresivo de la dosis, con buena respuesta. Conclusiones. La diplopia y la ataxia, como en nuestro caso, estan presentes practicamente siempre. Los hallazgos en la RM consisten en lesiones captantes puntiformes localizadas en la protuberancia con extension hacia el cerebelo, ganglios basales y cuerpo calloso, con gradiente de captacion menor conforme se alejan rostralmente hacia la corteza, y caudalmente hacia la medula. En el caso de nuestra paciente, este gradiente no se respeta, encontrandose una densidad similar de las lesiones a nivel supratentorial. El diagnostico diferencial es amplio y justifica un estudio diagnostico extenso, y en casos seleccionados la biopsia cerebral. El curso de la enfermedad es remitente-recurrente, y el pronostico mejora cuanto mas precoz y prolongado es el tiempo de corticoterapia.

Síndrome CLIPPERS con distribución atípica de las lesiones en la resonancia magnética cerebral / CLIPPERS syndrome with atypical distribution of lesions in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain

Introducción. El síndrome CLIPPERS (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids) es un proceso inflamatorio del sistema nervioso central cuyo rasgo distintivo son las lesiones puntiformes en el troncoencéfalo captantes en los estudios de resonancia magnética. Clínicamente, cursa con disartria, ataxia y diplopía, y suele responder a corticoides. Anatomopatológicamente, aparecen infiltrados de linfocitos T en los espacios perivasculares troncoencefálicos. Caso clínico. Mujer de 40 años con cuadro de instauración subaguda de diplopía binocular, ataxia y disartria. En la resonancia magnética cerebral presentó lesiones puntiformes hipertintensas en secuencia T2 en el tronco, cerebelo, diencéfalo y áreas córtico-subcorticales bihemisféricas, que realzaron con contraste. Se realizó un estudio etiológico para descartar un origen infeccioso, neoplásico o inflamatorio subyacente, que resultó negativo. La paciente recibió tratamiento en dos ocasiones con metilprednisolona, con descenso progresivo de la dosis, con buena respuesta. Conclusiones. La diplopía y la ataxia, como en nuestro caso, están presentes prácticamente siempre. Los hallazgos en la RM consisten en lesiones captantes puntiformes localizadas en la protuberancia con extensión hacia el cerebelo, ganglios basales y cuerpo calloso, con gradiente de captación menor conforme se alejan rostralmente hacia la corteza, y caudalmente hacia la médula. En el caso de nuestra paciente, este gradiente no se respeta, encontrándose una densidad similar de las lesiones a nivel supratentorial. El diagnóstico diferencial es amplio y justifica un estudio diagnóstico extenso, y en casos seleccionados la biopsia cerebral. El curso de la enfermedad es remitente-recurrente, y el pronóstico mejora cuanto más precoz y prolongado es el tiempo de corticoterapia (AU)

Introduction. CLIPPERS syndrome (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids) is an inflammatory process of the central nervous system whose distinguishing features are the enhancing punctiform lesions in the brainstem that appear in the magnetic resonance images. Clinically, it is accompanied by dysarthria, ataxia and diplopia, and usually responds to treatment with corticoids. Pathologically, T lymphocytes appear infiltrated in the perivascular spaces of the brainstem. Case report. We report the case of a 40-year-old woman with an initial subacute clinical picture of binocular diplopia, ataxia and dysarthria. The magnetic resonance brain scan revealed T2 hyperintense punctiform lesions in the stem, cerebellum, diencephalons and cortico-subcortical areas of both hemispheres, which were enhanced with contrast. An aetiological study was performed to rule out any underlying infectious, neoplastic or inflammatory origin, the results being negative. The patient was treated on two occasions with methylprednisolone, with a gradual lowering of the dosage, the response being favourable. Conclusions. Diplopia and ataxia, as in our case, are practically always present. The MR findings consist of punctiform enhancing lesions located in the pons extending towards the cerebellum, basal ganglia and corpus callosum, the enhancement gradient becoming lower as the distance increases rostrally away from the cortex, and caudally towards the spinal cord. In the case of our patient, this gradient is not respected, and the density found was similar to that of lesions at the supratentorial level. The differential diagnosis is wide-ranging and justifies an extensive diagnostic study with, in certain cases, a biopsy study of brain tissue. The disease courses in a relapsing-remitting pattern and the earlier steroid therapy is established and the more prolonged it is, the better the prognosis will be (AU)

[Vagus nerve stimulation in patients with migraine]. / Estimulacion del nervio vago en pacientes migrañosos.

INTRODUCTION: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved for the treatment of refractory epilepsy when resective surgery is not possible, and has proved to be highly effective. Series published in the literature suggest a beneficial effect of VNS in the treatment of migraine. AIMS: To determine the degree to which headaches improve in patients with migraine after the placement of VNS to treat refractory epilepsy, and to evaluate what variables are associated with an increased chance of success with this measure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observation-based retrospective study was conducted from 1st January 1999 until 31st December 2010. Patients with VNS for refractory epilepsy were contacted by telephone, after selecting those who fulfilled International Headache Society criteria for migraine. Data collected included age, gender, year of placement, age at onset of epilepsy and migraine, improvement of seizures and migraine, presence of migraine with aura and coexistence of anxious-depressive syndrome. Ninety-four patients with VNS were contacted and 13 patients with migraine were selected. RESULTS: Following placement of the VNS, the number of episodes of migraine was seen to decrease by at least 50% in nine patients (69%) (p = 0.004) and there was a drop in the number of episodes of migraine in those patients who had also reduced their epileptic seizures (p = 0.012). No statistically significant associations were observed as regards sex, age, length of disease history, existence of migraine with aura or coexistence of anxious-depressive syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: VNS could have beneficial effects for patients with migraine, especially in cases that are difficult to control. Due to the type of study, these conclusions must be taken with caution. Prospective clinical studies are needed before introducing the technique into daily clinical practice.

TITLE: Estimulacion del nervio vago en pacientes migrañosos.Introduccion. La estimulacion del nervio vago (ENV) esta aprobada para el tratamiento de la epilepsia refractaria cuando no es posible cirugia resectiva, con una eficacia bien establecida. Series publicadas sugieren un efecto beneficioso de la ENV en la migraña. Objetivos. Determinar el grado de mejoria de la cefalea en pacientes migrañosos a los que se les habia implantado una ENV para tratamiento de la epilepsia refractaria y evaluar que variables se asocian a mayor posibilidad de exito con esta medida. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio observacional y retrospectivo desde el 1 de enero de 1999 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2010. Se contacto telefonicamente con los pacientes con ENV para epilepsia refractaria, seleccionando a aquellos que cumplian los criterios de la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas para la migraña. Se recogieron edad, genero, año de implantacion, edad de inicio de la epilepsia y la migraña, mejoria de crisis y de migraña, presencia de aura migrañosa y coexistencia de sindrome ansiosodepresivo. Se contacto con 94 pacientes con ENV y se selecciono a 13 pacientes migrañosos. Resultados. Tras la implantacion de la ENV, se observo una disminucion de al menos el 50% de los episodios de migraña en nueve pacientes (69%) (p = 0,004), asi como una disminucion del numero de episodios de migraña en aquellos pacientes que tambien habian reducido sus crisis epilepticas (p = 0,012). No se observaron asociaciones estadisticamente significativas en cuanto al sexo, edad, tiempo de evolucion, existencia de aura migrañosa o coexistencia de sindrome ansiosodepresivo. Conclusiones. La ENV podria resultar beneficiosa en pacientes con migraña, especialmente en casos de dificil control. Debido al tipo estudio, hay que tomar estas conclusiones con precaucion. Seran necesarios estudios clinicos prospectivos antes de llevarse a la practica clinica habitual.

Estimulación del nervio vago en pacientes migrañosos / Vagus nerve stimulation in patients with migraine

Introducción. La estimulación del nervio vago (ENV) está aprobada para el tratamiento de la epilepsia refractaria cuando no es posible cirugía resectiva, con una eficacia bien establecida. Series publicadas sugieren un efecto beneficioso de la ENV en la migraña. Objetivos. Determinar el grado de mejoría de la cefalea en pacientes migrañosos a los que se les había implantado una ENV para tratamiento de la epilepsia refractaria y evaluar qué variables se asocian a mayor posibilidad de éxito con esta medida. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional y retrospectivo desde el 1 de enero de 1999 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2010. Se contactó telefónicamente con los pacientes con ENV para epilepsia refractaria, seleccionando a aquéllos que cumplían los criterios de la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas para la migraña. Se recogieron edad, género, año de implantación, edad de inicio de la epilepsia y la migraña, mejoría de crisis y de migraña, presencia de aura migrañosa y coexistencia de síndrome ansiosodepresivo. Se contactó con 94 pacientes con ENV y se seleccionó a 13 pacientes migrañosos. Resultados. Tras la implantación de la ENV, se observó una disminución de al menos el 50% de los episodios de migraña en nueve pacientes (69%) (p = 0,004), así como una disminución del número de episodios de migraña en aquellos pacientes que también habían reducido sus crisis epilépticas (p = 0,012). No se observaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al sexo, edad, tiempo de evolución, existencia de aura migrañosa o coexistencia de síndrome ansiosodepresivo. Conclusiones. La ENV podría resultar beneficiosa en pacientes con migraña, especialmente en casos de difícil control. Debido al tipo estudio, hay que tomar estas conclusiones con precaución. Serán necesarios estudios clínicos prospectivos antes de llevarse a la práctica clínica habitual (AU)

Introduction. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved for the treatment of refractory epilepsy when resective surgery is not possible, and has proved to be highly effective. Series published in the literature suggest a beneficial effect of VNS in the treatment of migraine. Aims. To determine the degree to which headaches improve in patients with migraine after the placement of VNS to treat refractory epilepsy, and to evaluate what variables are associated with an increased chance of success with this measure. Patients and methods. An observation-based retrospective study was conducted from 1st January 1999 until 31st December 2010. Patients with VNS for refractory epilepsy were contacted by telephone, after selecting those who fulfilled International Headache Society criteria for migraine. Data collected included age, gender, year of placement, age at onset of epilepsy and migraine, improvement of seizures and migraine, presence of migraine with aura and coexistence of anxious-depressive syndrome. Ninety-four patients with VNS were contacted and 13 patients with migraine were selected. Results. Following placement of the VNS, the number of episodes of migraine was seen to decrease by at least 50% in nine patients (69%) (p = 0.004) and there was a drop in the number of episodes of migraine in those patients who had also reduced their epileptic seizures (p = 0.012). No statistically significant associations were observed as regards sex, age, length of disease history, existence of migraine with aura or coexistence of anxious-depressive syndrome. Conclusions. VNS could have beneficial effects for patients with migraine, especially in cases that are difficult to control. Due to the type of study, these conclusions must be taken with caution. Prospective clinical studies are needed before introducing the technique into daily clinical practice (AU)