Gut flora alterations among aquatic firefly Aquatica leii inhabiting various dissolved oxygen in fresh water.

Knowledge about the impact of different dissolved oxygen (DO) on the composition and function of gut bacteria of aquatic insects is largely unknown. Herein, we constructed freshwater environments with different DOs (hypoxia: 2.50 ± 0.50, normoxia: 7.00 ± 0.50, and hyperoxia: 13.00 ± 0.50 mg/L) where aquatic firefly Aquatica leii larvae lived for three months. Their gut flora was analyzed using the combination of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. The results showed no difference in alpha diversity of the gut flora between A. leii inhabiting various DOs. However, the relative abundance of several bacterial lineages presented significant changes, such as Pseudomonas. In addition, bacterial genes with an altered relative abundance in response to various DOs were primarily related to metabolism. The alteration of these functions correlated with the DO change. This is the first to uncover structure of gut flora under various DOs in aquatic insect larvae.

Two New Species of Ripipterygidae (Orthoptera, Tridactyloidea) from Mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar with a Key to the Genera of Tridactyloidea in Amber.

The abundance of insects in Burmese amber illustrates a highly diverse orthoptera community of the mid-Cretaceous, but the records of ripipterygids are relatively rare. Here, we reviewed the genus of Magnidactylus (Xu, Fang and Jarzembowski, 2020) and transfered it from Tridactylidae to Ripipterygidae. Based on four ambers specimens collected from northern Myanmar, two new species, Magnidactylusmirus sp. nov. and Magnidactylusgracilis sp. nov., wereerected. M.mirus sp. nov. can be characterized by its basal segment and apical segment of paraproctal lobes, which are equally thick and clavate. M.gracilis sp. nov. can be characterized by its apical segment of paraproctal lobes, which are distinctly swollen. Additionally, in order to facilitate the classification of amber specimens of Tridactyloidea, a key to the genera ofambers in this superfamily is provided.

Physiological Responses of the Firefly Pyrocoelia analis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) to an Environmental Residue From Chemical Pesticide Imidacloprid.

Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is widely applied to control insect pests across a broad spectrum. Though the impact of residues from this chemical pesticide on non-target organisms in the field has been reported, it was not well characterized across a wide range of ecosystems, especially for some species considered as environmental indicators that live in forests. The effects of sublethal dose of imidacloprid on firefly, Pyrocoelia analis, were analyzed physiologically and biochemically in this study to better understand the impact of chemical pesticide application on environmental indicators such as fireflies. After imidacloprid treatment, the midgut tissues of the larva presented an abnormal morphology featured as atrophy of fat body cells, shrinking cells, and the destruction of a midgut structure. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were noticeably increased during early exposure to sublethal imidacloprid and then decreased at later stages. The malondialdehyde content significantly increased after 12 h of exposure to imidacloprid compared with the control. Similarly, the enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase and acetylcholinesterase were increased after the imidacloprid treatment and then decreased at the later stage. In summary, a sublethal dose of imidacloprid caused destructive change in the tissue structure, and this damage was followed by an excessive reactive oxygen species that could not be eliminated by antioxidant enzymes. Our results indicated that the residues of imidacloprid might cause severe toxicity to non-target insects in the environment even far away from the agro-ecosystem where the chemicals were applied.

A new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 from Fujian, China (Orthoptera, Tridctyloidea, Tridactylidae).

The genus Xya Latreille, 1808 obtains 58 known species in the world, among them 18 species distributed in Asia and 8 species in China only i.e. Xya japonica (Haan, 1842), Xya riparia (Saussure, 1877), Xya nitobei (Shiraki, 1911), Xya apicicornis (Chopard, 1928), Xya manchurei Shiraki, 1936, Xya lehsanensis Cao et al, 2017, Xya sichuanensis Cao et al, 2018, Xya shandongensis, Zhang et al, 2018; [Latreille, 1809; Haan, 1844; Walker, 1871; Saussure, 1877, 1896; Brunner von Wattenwyl. 1893; Bolivar, 1900(1899); Shiraki,1911, 1936; Chopard, 1920, 1928, 1936, 1968; Tindale, 1928; Willemse, 1954; Bey-Bienko, 1967; Harz, 1970, 1971; Günther, 1974, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1990, 1995, 1998; Ingrisch, 1987, 2006; Baehr, 1988; Yin et al, 1996; Murai, 2005; Yin et al, 2013; Heads Hollier, 2016; Kuravova Kocarek, 2016; Cao et al, 2017; Cao et al, 2018; Zhang et al, 2018; Cigliano, et al, 2019]. In the present paper, a new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 from Fujian, China is described. The new species Xya fujianensis sp. nov. is similar to Xya lehsanensis Cao et al, 2017, but differs from the latter by head black, with a yellow band along inner margin of eye; pronotum black, with a white band on the lower margin; fore wing black, with two yellow spots near base and two yellow spots near top and hind femur black with two large yellow spots on upper side. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China.

A new species and key to all known species of the genus Ceracris Walker, 1870 from China (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Arcypteridae).

The genus Ceracris Walker, 1870 is a median genus in Arcypteridae, which contains 23 species in the world, among them 11 species distributed in China [Walker, 1870; Bolivar, 1914; Uvarov, 1931; Zheng, 1977; Liu, 1981; Zheng, 1983; Yin, 1984; Liang, 1988; Wang, 1992; Liu et Li, 1995; Ou et al, 1995; Yin et al, 1996; Zheng et Xia, 1998; Zhang et al, 2017; Feng et al, 2018; Cigliano, 2018]. A new species of the genus from Hainan, China is described in this paper. The new species i.e. Ceracris amplicornis sp. nov. is similar to Ceracris versicolor (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893), but differs from latter by antennae short, length of a segment in the middle 2.9 times its width; lateral carinae of pronotum not intact and indistinct in metazona; median area of tegmen without intercalary vein; bridge of epiphallus straight and tegmen of female short, reaching the end of hind femur only. Type specimens are deposited in the Natural Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China.

A new genus and a new species of pygmy mole cricket in Cretaceous amber from Burma (Orthoptera: Tridactylidae).

A new genus and a new species of pygmy mole cricket i.e. Paraxya gen nov. and Paraxya hui sp. nov. are described from Burma Cretaceous amber in this paper. The new genus is allied to Xya Latreille. 1809, but differs from latter by lacking swimming plates at metatibia [Latreille. 1809; Yin et al, 1996; Cao et al, 2017, Cao et al, 2018 and Zhang et al, 2018]. The new genus is also allied to Burmadactylus Heads, 2009, but differs from latter by metatarsus absent and hindwing present, surpassing the end of abdomen distinctly [Heads, 2009]. Type specimen is deposited in the College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China.

A new species and key to all known species of the genus Filchnerella Karny, 1908 from China (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Pamphagidae).

The new species i.e. Filchnerella wuhaiensis sp. nov is described from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The new species is similar to Filchnerella helanshanensis Zheng, 1992, but differs from the latter by 21-segmented antennae, prozona of pronotum higher than metazona, length of tegmina 2.0 times maximum width, width of interspace of mesosternum 1.2 times length and lower margin of hind femur not red in male. A key to all species of the genus Filchnerella Karny, 1908 is given in this paper. Two genera Pseudotmethis Bey-Bienko, 1948 and Paratmethis Zheng He, 1996 are valid genus and not a synonym of Filchnerella Karny, 1908. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China.

A new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 from China (Orthoptra, Tridctyloidea, Tridactylidae).

A new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 from Sichuan, China is described in this paper. The new species Xya sichuanensis sp. nov. is similar to Xya japonica (Haan, 1844), but differs from latter by head with yellow stripe on both sides, vertex with two yellow stripes on the inner margin of eyes, pronotum with yellow stripe on both sides, tegmina with two small yellow spots, fore and mid legs black, with yellow spots and hind wing yellow. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China.

A new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 (Orthoptera, Tridactyloidea, Tridactylidae) from Sichuan, China.

A new species Xya leshanensis sp. nov. of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 from Sichuan, China is described in this paper. It is similar to Xya nitobei (Shiraki, 1913), but differs from latter by apical part of antennae joint almost as same as basal part in width; width of pronotum 1.25 times its length; hind wing long, extending over the end of abdomen distinctly; hind femur with four small yellowish-white spots on upper side; epiproct with a pair of large spines laterally directed on posterior angle, apical half narrow distinctly. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China.

Two new species of the genus Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852 (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae) from China.

Two new species of the genus Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852, namely Sphingonotus taiwanensis sp. nov. and Sphingonotus zhongningensis sp. nov. are described in this paper from China. The new species Sphingonotus taiwanensis sp. nov. is similar to Sphingonotus nebulosus (Fiescher-Waldheim, 1846), but differs from the latter by interspace of mesosternum wider, width 1.8 times the length; hind femur pale red on inner side; hind tibia pale red, with 13 spines on inner side and 10 spines on outer side; hind wing pale yellow at base. The new species Sphingonotus zhongningensis sp. nov. is similar to Sphingonotus salinus (Pallas, 1773), but differs from the latter in: vertical diameter of eye 1.3 times horizontal diameter; metazona of pronotum is 2.0 times prozona in length; hind tibiae with 13 spines on inner side and 12 spines on outer side; black band of hind wing wider in the middle, apical part not narrowed; black band of hind wing in the apical part larger, not divided into two.        The type specimens are deposited in the Taiwan Agricultural Research of Institute (TARI), Taichung Taiwan, China and in the College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China respectively.

Discovery of a new species and key to all known species of the genus Aalatettix Zheng & Mao (Orthoptera, Tetrigoidea, Tetrigidae) from China.

The genus Aalatettix Zheng & Mao, 2002 (Orthoptera, Tetrigoidea, Tetrigidae) contains 9 valid species in China (Zheng & Mao, 2002; Zheng, Cao & Chen, 2011; Zheng, Lin & Zhang, 2013; Zheng, 2014a; Zheng, 2014b; Zheng & Lin, 2015; Zheng, Shi & Yin, 2015). During the identification of pygmy grasshopper specimens collected from Taiwan, China in 1998, a new species of the genus Aalatettix Zheng & Mao, 2002 was found and described below. A key to all known species of the genus is given in this paper. The type specimens are deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, China.

A new species and a key to 19 species of the genus Traulia Stål, 1873 (Orthoptera: Catantopidae) from China.

A new species of the genus Traulia Stål, 1873 namely Traulia xiai sp. nov. is described from China in this paper. The new species is similar to Traulia brachypeza Bi, 1986, but differs from the latter by the short tegmina, reaching the middle of third abdominal tergite only. The new species is also similar to Traulia ornate Shiraki, 1910, but differs from the latter by hind tibia all orange red and furculae of male absent. We think that Traulia yifengensis Wang, Xiangyu & Liu, 1997 is a valid species, not a synonym of Traulia brachypeza Bi, 1985 by Wei & Huang (2012), because the tegmina of Traulia yifengensis is very long, extending over the end of abdomen distinctly. A key to 19 species of this genus from China is also given in this paper. The type specimens are deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, China.

One new species and one new combination of the genus Neocyrtopsis Liu & Zhang, 2007 (Orthoptera: Meconematinae) from Emeishan, China.

The paper describes one new species, i.e. Neocyrtopsis (Neocyrtopsis) emeishanensis Shi sp. nov., transfers Phlugiolopsis platycata Shi & Zheng, 1994 to the genus Neocyrtopsis and redescribes the species.