Eficacia de la hipnosis en psicología del deporte: una revisión sistemática / Eficácia da hipnose na psicologia do desporto: uma revisão sistemática / Efficacy of hypnosis in sport psychology: a systematic review

La hipnosis es un conjunto variado de procedimientos que posee abundante evidencia científica sobre su utilidad como técnica coadyuvante en el tratamiento de distintos trastornos, de índole médica o psicológica especialmente en adultos. No obstante, en el ámbito de la Psicología del Deporte la evidencia disponible parece escasa, y no siempre basada en estudios rigurosos desde un punto de vista metodológico. Por este motivo, este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática según la Declaración Prisma sobre la eficacia de la hipnosis en el deporte y el ejercicio/práctica deportiva. Los objetivos son describir los resultados de este conjunto de técnicas sobre el rendimiento en deportistas y practicantes de ejercicio físico, y mostrar la potencia estadística del conjunto de estudios y su rigor metodológico. Se incluyeron un total de 45 estudios, que revelaron, en su mayoría, los efectos positivos del uso de la hipnosis frente a otras técnicas utilizadas. Con respecto a los criterios metodológicos, la mayoría de los estudios cumplieron con los criterios establecidos, a excepción de evaluación de la sugestionabilidad hipnótica y medida del tamaño del efecto. Estos resultados ponen de relevancia la importancia de continuar contribuyendo al desarrollo de la hipnosis en Psicología del Deporte, visto que los posibles efectos positivos y las ventajas que puede presentar la misma presentan aún poca evidencia científica. (AU)

Hypnosis is a technique that has a multitude of scientific evidence in favor of its efficacy as an adjuvant technique in the treatment of different disorders -medical or psychological nature- in children and adults, and more specifically, also in the field of sport psychology, although this evidence has not always been accompanied by rigorous methodological procedures. For this reason, this study presents a systematic review on the efficacy of hypnosis in sport and exercise, describing the results of this technique on performance in athletes and physical activity practitioners, and exploring the statistical power of the set of studies. A total of 45 studies were included, most of which revealed the positive effects of the use of hypnosis compared to other techniques used. With respect to the methodological criteria, most of the studies met the established criteria, with the exception of the assessment of hypnotic suggestibility and the measurement of effect size, both of which are of utmost importance. These results highlight the importance of continuing to contribute to the development of hypnosis in the discipline, given the positive effects and advantages that hypnosis can have. (AU)

A hipnose é um conjunto variado de procedimentos que tem provas científicas abundantes sobre a sua utilidade como técnica adjuvante no tratamento de várias doenças, especialmente em adultos. No entanto, no campo da Psicologia do Desporto as provas disponíveis parecem ser escassas, e nem sempre baseadas em estudos rigorosos de um ponto de vista metodológico. Por esta razão, este estudo apresenta uma revisão sistemática de acordo com a Declaração Prisma sobre a eficácia da hipnose no desporto e na prática de exercício/esporte. Os objectivos são descrever os resultados deste conjunto de técnicas sobre o desempenho em atletas e praticantes de actividade física, e mostrar o poder estatístico do conjunto de estudos e o seu rigor metodológico. Foram incluídos um total de 45 estudos. A maioria deles revelou os efeitos positivos do uso da hipnose em comparação com outras técnicas. No que diz respeito aos critérios metodológicos, a maioria dos estudos cumpriu os critérios estabelecidos, com excepção da avaliação da sugestibilidade hipnótica e da medição da dimensão do efeito. Estes resultados sublinham a importância de continuar a contribuir para o desenvolvimento da hipnose na Psicologia do Desporto, dado que os possíveis efeitos positivos e vantagens da hipnose ainda apresentam poucas provas científicas. (AU)

Randomized controlled trial of the Valencia model of waking hypnosis plus CBT for pain, fatigue, and sleep management in patients with cancer and cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the efficacy of an intervention combining the Valencia model of waking hypnosis with cognitive-behavioral therapy (VMWH-CBT) in managing cancer-related pain, fatigue, and sleep problems in individuals with active cancer or who were post-treatment survivors. We hypothesized that four sessions of VMWH-CBT would result in greater improvement in participants' symptoms than four sessions of an education control intervention. Additionally, we examined the effects on several secondary outcome domains that are associated with increases in these symptoms (depression, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, and cancer treatment distress). METHODS: The study design was a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial comparing the VMWH-CBT intervention with education control. Participants (N = 44) received four sessions of both treatments, in a counterbalanced order (n = 22 per order condition). RESULTS: Participants were 89% female (N = 39) with mean age of 61 years (SD = 12.2). They reported significantly greater improvement after receiving the active treatment relative to the control condition in all the outcome measures. Treatment gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the beneficial effects of the VMWH-CBT intervention relative to a control condition and that treatment gains remain stable. VMWH-CBT-trained clinicians should be accessible for managing symptoms both during and after cancer treatment, though the findings need to be replicated in larger samples of cancer survivors.

Rapid self-hypnosis: a new self-hypnosis method and its comparison with the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP).

Despite its clinical importance, there are few systematic studies on the application of self-hypnosis. Rapid Self-Hypnosis (RSH) was created to provide a new procedure that is easy, comfortable, fosters alertness, and can be done covertly in everyday life. We present it as an alternative to the self-hypnosis version of the Hypnosis Induction Profile (HIP). Using a crossover design, we found in an experimental session that the RSH and the HIP produced comparable objective and subjective scores in the Barber Suggestibility Scale (BSS). However, as compared with the HIP, participants rated RSH as significantly more coherent, pleasant, faster and easier to learn, more likely to be used in everyday life and go unnoticed by others, less bothersome to use, and more likely to be used in private. Additional research should clarify whether these differences are reliable and have clinical significance. Our results suggest that RSH will be a valuable addition to the clinician's arsenal.

Humoral immune response induced by the protein core of MUC1 mucin in pregnant and healthy women.

UNLABELLED: Serum levels of MUC1 and antibodies (Abs) against MUC1 (IgG and IgM-MUC1) were evaluated in healthy women related to pregnancy and lactation status. A total of 149 serum samples were obtained from: nulliparous, primiparous pregnant, multiparous pregnant that have lactated, multiparous pregnant without lactation, multiparous non-pregnant actual lactating, multiparous non-pregnant that have lactated and finally, multiparous non-pregnant women without lactation. In all assays, we included pre- and post-serum samples belonging to a breast cancer patient vaccinated with a MUC1 derived peptide. CASA test was employed to measure MUC1 while IgG- and IgM-MUC1 serum Abs were evaluated with an ELISA using a 100 mer peptide as catcher. In all groups, mean IgM levels were higher than IgG mean values; when samples were grouped in pregnants versus non-pregnants, a significant difference was detected with both Abs, being raised in non-pregnants. When samples were grouped in lactating versus non-lactating a significant difference was detected with IgG-MUC1, being raised in lactating women while no significant difference was found with IgM-MUC1. The evaluation of serum MUC1 levels confirmed previous results since a significant difference between pregnant versus non-pregnant groups was found while lactating versus non-lactating samples did not. CONCLUSIONS: (i) Increased MUC1 serum levels are apparently associated with pregnancy but not with lactation; (ii) MUC1 Abs are mainly associated with lactation and with non-pregnant status. These results may be considered a contribution on studies about protection against breast cancer induced by pregnancy and lactation.

Preference between two methods of active-alert hypnosis: not all techniques are created equal.

In a cross-over design (N = 80), we compared the differential liking and preference for two hypnotic techniques involving physical activity: active-alert and waking-alert (or alert-hand) procedures. Participants expressed significantly higher liking and preference for the waking-alert as compared to the active-alert procedure. The latter technique, which also had significantly lower suggestibility scores(Cardeña et al., 1998) was also associated with a significantly higher attrition rate (23%). These significant differences may be explained by the greater physical effort and difficulty associated with the active-alert technique. It seems that the waking-alert method extends the advantages of active hypnosis (e.g., alertness, enhanced self-mastery) to individuals who may dislike or are unable to cope with the greater demands required by the active-alert procedure.

Effects on suggestibility of a new method of active-alert hypnosis: alert hand.

Research has shown that the active-alert method described by Bányai and Hilgard (1976) produces a similar increase on suggestibility as relaxation-based techniques, but it has some limitations, including the need for a stationary bicycle and a certain level of physical fitness. The authors compared that method with the new "alert hand" method, which emphasizes activity and alertness, but is simpler and less strenuous. In a repeated measures, counterbalanced design (N = 80), the authors found that (a) the alert hand method produced significantly higher objective and subjective suggestibility scores than the active-alert technique, and (b) a high percentage (23%) of volunteers discontinued participation during the active-alert method but not during the alert hand method. The alert hand method extends the benefits of active hypnosis to individuals who may have difficulties with the physical demands required by the active-alert method, and it seems to enhance suggestibility even more.

Emotional self-regulation therapy: a new and efficacious treatment for smoking.

We describe emotional self-regulation therapy, a recently-developed suggestion technique for the treatment of smoking, and present data attesting to its efficacy. Of the 38 individuals who completed treatment, 82% (47% of the initial sample) stopped smoking altogether and 13% (8% of the initial sample) reduced their smoking. A follow-up at 6 months showed that 66% (38% of the initial sample) of those who had completed the treatment remained abstinent and reported minimal withdrawal symptoms or weight gain. In a no-treatment comparison group, only 8% reduced their smoking or became abstinent.

Emotional self-regulation therapy for smoking reduction: description and initial empirical data.

Self-regulation therapy (Amigó, 1992) is a set of procedures derived from cognitive skill training programs for increasing hypnotizability. First, experiences are generated by actual stimuli. Clients are then asked to associate those experiences with various cues. They are then requested to generate the experiences in response to the cues, but without the actual stimuli. When they are able to do so quickly and easily, therapeutic suggestions are given. Studies of self-regulation therapy indicate that it can be used successfully to treat smoking.